Policy Change Proposal Introductory Paragraph Assignment

Strategy Change Proposal Introductory Paragraph - Assignment Example As per Clark, Friedman and Fadus Children particularly in schools need down to earth activities to forestall stoutness and hypertension. This will help lessen the issue of diabetes among youngsters by just about a hundred percent since it is the primary driver of diabetes among kids. In addition, school going youngsters need to get familiar with the significance of keeping together and filling in as one without the dangers of ethnic gatherings so as to control the odds of kids contracting diabetic because of ethnic lines. In this manner, the central government and wellbeing partners need to control and forestall the spread of diabetes among youngsters by following up on the previously mentioned plans to acknowledge lessen of diabetes among kids and grown-ups. Self destruction is self-endeavored murder that is precluded at all expense. Harsh moves are regularly made to any individual or gathering discovered rehearsing it or helping anybody in playing out the demonstration. Along these lines, doctors or some other wellbeing specialists discovered helping a person by giving willful extermination, helped self destruction or leniency slaughtering need capture and face the full weight of the law as Mason, Leavitt and Chaffee make their view. The open arrangement and the national government need to act and pass harsh conditions to individuals saw as blameworthy of the offense or individuals who help others in self-destructive procedure since it is unlawful and infringement to human rights dependent on the Congress of the US of

HRM exam preparation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

HRM test planning - Essay Example Basically, these are viewed as convictions that frequently slant organizations just as the people to act in specific manners which are not quite the same as the others. Qualities go from budgetary, political just as strict among others and these regularly shape the manner in which an association works towards the accomplishment of its objectives. In an association, there is a for the most part acknowledged method of working together and this is generally viewed as the outline that is liable for molding the manner in which individuals carry on in an association. Against this foundation, it very well may be noticed that mentality is fundamentally worried about molding our sentiments towards something. These emotions can either be certain or negative contingent upon the idea of the circumstance existing on the ground. It very well may be seen that mentality is molded to suit the necessities of individuals included. Valence is the level of constructive or antagonistic sentiments about an article while centrality is the degree to which disposition is a piece of the person’s self. Every individual has a disposition that characterizes his character. Interrelatedness is another character of disposition which is identified with different mentalities while solidness sets such that demeanor is protection from change. Explicitness is how much demeanor is explicit to a specific characteristic while remarkable quality is the level of consciousness of holding a mentality. Essentially, perspectives are man-made and they are a piece of an individual’s mental make-up and create and change in light of the person’s current needs. Every single distinctive individual has an impossible to miss demeanor that recognizes him from the others. Notwithstanding, it must be noticed that we are not brought into the world with perspectives yet these are gained particularly from guardians, family, peers just as coworkers. Business related perspectives are of significance to numerous associations and in light of the fact that they have potential results that could be valuable, the two that

An Interview With Saadia Faruqi, Author of Childrens Book MEET YASMIN!

An Interview With Saadia Faruqi, Author of Childrens Book MEET YASMIN! Meet Yasmins  author,  Saadia Faruqi, is a Pakistani American writer, essayist, and interfaith activist. Her adult debut book was named  Brick Walls: Tales of Hope and Courage From Pakistan. She’s also the editor-in-chief of Blue Minaret, a magazine for Muslim art, poetry, and prose. I had the opportunity to ask her a few questions about her upcoming childrens book! Yasmin is a Pakistani American second-grader ready to take on the world. She is creative and curious, and with the help of her family, there is little that this spirited young girl can’t achieve! You can  Meet Yasmin! on August 1st, the books official release date! First of all, Yasmin is honestly such a brilliant character! I loved how you developed her creativity and curiosity, and the way it was always supported and encouraged by her family. Where did these characters come from and how did you develop them? Saadia: Thank you, I’m glad you like her! Yasmin was inspired by my daughter, and not just the creativity but also the frustration that comes very naturally when a child wants to do something but isn’t successful on the first try. My daughter, now 9, has always been very imaginative but when she was younger she was also prone to tantrums when things weren’t going smoothly. Actually, most kids in that age group are. I really wanted Yasmin to be a reflection of her readers: kids who may be South Asian, kids who may be first-generation American, and kids who may be Muslim. In fact, Yasmin is a reflection of childhood itself: she’s curious and creative, but she also has self-doubt and gets bored or dejected easily. During the book, Yasmin dabbles in some very creative roles. Is there a reason why you specifically chose them? Saadia: There were a couple of reasons. Since Yasmin was inspired by my daughter, I naturally look to her for story ideas. She’s always doing something creative, both at home and at school, so Yasmin sort of follows that trend as well. But I think it’s nothing special to my daughter because I know many children in their first decade are very creative as they learn about the world around them. The second reason is that I really want to encourage creative pursuits in the South Asian community through my books. I know many South Asian parents prefer their children to go into scientific fields, and it’s very disappointing to me that we don’t put as much emphasis on creative arts as career choices. So I’ve tried to show Yasmin doing creative things, such as painting or sewing, to remind our future generations that art is also a good path to follow if you so choose. What do you hope readers take away from Meet Yasmin? Saadia: I hope that Muslim/South Asian kids will find self-affirmation in the Yasmin series. They’ll see themselves in the pages of a book that’s in their school library or their local bookstore, and it will improve their self-esteem. We,  too, have stories to tell, and these stories have value. It makes a huge difference to early readers to read positive books about characters they can identify with, and I hope I’ve created a universe that’s very familiar to them. I also hope that all other children will be able to understand and empathize with their Muslim/South Asian peers better because of Yasmin. They’ll see a culture that’s different from theirs as a normal part of the books they’re reading, and it will help create tolerance and diversity in their thought process as they grow older. Going from writing for adults to young children is quite a drastic shift? What prompted it? Saadia: I still write for adults. I have another short story collection for adults in the works, and I still submit work to literary journals. I decide on a story I want to tell, and then I figure out what character or age group would be the best to tell that story. I really don’t see the two audiences as different, nor do I consider jumping from adult to children’s fiction as much of a change. Much of the writing process is the same, and how I plot or what topics I decide to highlight are universal: first generation cultural changes, food, family, and more. To me, it’s all part of my activism. I write stories to share my perspective, to bring about some positive change through storytelling, and that goal is the same regardless of who I’m writing for. Are there any challenges writing for children has that writing for adults doesn’t? Or vice versa? Saadia: I’d say writing for children is harder and more complicated, especially if there is art involved. One has to create complex characters and complete plots with only 500 words in the case of an early reader or a picture book. If there are illustrations, they have to work together to tell the story, so you have to work closely with the design team to ensure that happens. And of course, if you read my adult work you’ll see that I tend to write characters who curse a lot. That’s something I have to curb in my children’s writing! Speaking of the art, Hatem Aly is a really great artist. How did that partnership come about? Saadia: I’m indeed very blessed to have Hatem working on this project with me, not only because he’s such a talented artist but because he’s from a Middle Eastern background. He knows what I want to portray without my having to use words. You’ll find that the art in Yasmin is really seamless in how it portrays culture and religion without being part of the stories themselves. Like in Yasmin the Explorer when the mother and daughter go out to the farmer’s market, he’s drawn Mama putting on her hijab while Yasmin puts on her shoes. It’s such an ordinary action, one that millions of kids see their moms do every single day, but it’s something that can be a starting point for a discussion for other children. Hatem is very much in tune with what we’re trying to do with this series and I’m very grateful for that. You mentioned that you are an interfaith activist. What does that entail? Saadia: It’s just a fancy word for talking to people of different faiths. I love meeting people and bringing them together to discuss the similarities in their religious and cultural backgrounds. As part of my efforts, I’ve co-founded a local women’s interfaith discussion group in Houston that’s been meeting for more than six years now. I also train various organizations about stereotyping and Islamophobia, and recently was featured in O Magazine for my training. It’s really all about getting to know someone different than you so that we can all become friends instead of fearing or hating “the other.” Anyone can be an interfaith activist, all you need is a big heart and a sense of determination. Do you find that your work as an interfaith activist feeds into your books? Saadia: Absolutely! I try to use my writing for the same purpose as my activism: to spread understanding and share perspectives. I’ve seen first-hand how quickly children learn bigotry from their parents or other adults. My son has been called a terrorist in school by his peers, and my daughter often worries about having brown skin. It’s heartbreaking, but as a writer, I feel empowered to create stories that can show a different sort of reality. Kids who read about different cultures appreciate those cultures more, and in general become more empathic, I believe. Storytelling has a certain way of breaking down barriers and helping us see each other as humans instead of headlines. If Yasmin and my other books can change mindsets in even a small way, then I will have accomplished my activist goals. Do you have any recommendations for diverse children’s literature we should read as we wait for more Yasmin? Saadia: There are so many Muslim writers putting out great children’s books right now: Hena Khan, Jamilah Thompkins-Bigelow, Karuna Riazi, Canadian writer S.K. Ali, British writer Naima B. Roberts, and others. It’s important to remember that even within the Muslim community there is such diversity and richness, that you may read a book by a Bangladeshi or Pakistani writer, or by an African American writer, or even a white Muslim writer. The more diversity we have within our own writing, the richer and more accurate our representation within children’s literature. Our readers will definitely benefit. Sign up to The Kids Are All Right to receive news and recommendations from the world of kid lit and middle grade books.

The Stigma Of Embryonic Stem Cell Research - 2323 Words

Despite the stigma surrounding embryonic stem cell research, there are many positives that outweigh the negatives in medical and scientific settings. Due to the knowledge of this, continued funding and support is critical for the advancement of these therapies and science as a whole. Diseases that can be aided by unabating financial and moral support are but not limited to, spinal cord injury, heart disease, parkinson s disease, alzheimer s and Lou Gehrig s disease, more commonly known as ALS. Funding via the government was passed into law in 2008 by President Barack Obama. As the election comes upon us it is important to keep in mind that the continued federal funding for embryonic is at stake. Embryonic stem cells are cells found in the human body that have not yet differentiated, or specialised meaning that they have not yet received the specific instructions to become a specific cell. They can be manipulated to turn into any kind of cell, for example, new skin cells for someone with melanoma. Stem cells are found in the placenta, umbilical blood, fat tissue, bone marrow and mew embryos. Embryonic stem cells have an advantage over the other sources of stem cells because the cells have less exposure to the outside world and are relatively easy to access, in situations like in vitro fertilization. Scientists and researchers believe they could potentially treat a wide array of human conditions and diseases, such as spinal cord injury, type oneShow MoreRelatedEssay On Human Life1389 Words   |  6 Pageswith the discovery of human embryonic stem cells. This sparked curiosity and enlightenment in the eyes of medical professionals everywhere. Nineteen years later the world is riddles with a plethora of controversy, fabrication, and fallacies in regards to the use of embryonic stem cells. Contrary to this, these â€Å"super cells† have the growing potential to put an end to many medical disputes. Firstly, to understand the stigma and information behind embryonic stem cell research, there must be a commonRead MoreThe Stigma Of Stem Cell Research896 Words   |  4 PagesEDIT material Scientific research of all kinds is viewed by some as controversial, with one of the most controversial of these being the study of human stem cells. From the first uses of this technology there have been many who have fought to stop it. However, current advances in medical research have made it possible to reduce some of the negative stigma surrounding stem cell research and will lead researchers to develop new cures and other applications that could turn the health care industry furtherRead MoreThe Issue Of Stem Cell Research1218 Words   |  5 Pagesbecause of the cells inside us. It’s called stem cell research and it could be the first step in medical revolution where we’ll be able to heal our bodies of any illness. Unfortunately, due to the controversies surrounding stem cell research, the government is unwilling to help and remain neutral with sides. Scientists first discovered stem cells in the early 1980s while experimenting with embryonic stem cells from mice. This later triggered the studies for human embryonic stem cells in the late 1990sRead MoreThe Debate Of Stem Cell Research1660 Words   |  7 PagesThe Great Stem Cell Debate In 1998, President Bill Clinton issued a National Bioethics Advisory Commission to begin to study the question of stem cell research (Stem Cells Fast Facts). Since then many advances have been made and stem cells have been used to aid in the alleviation of several medical conditions such as macular degeneration, bone marrow deficiencies, and growing new sheets of new skin for burn victims (Hug). Even though there is much stigma surrounding stem cell research, the medicalRead MoreThe Debate Over Human Cloning Essay1526 Words   |  7 Pagesfascinating but not as difficult as it may appear. Scientists will likely use a method called â€Å"Somatic cell nuclear transfer† or SCNT for short. Somatic cell nuclear transfer begins when scientists take an egg from a female donor and remove the nucleus, making the egg an enucleated egg. Then, a cell with DNA contained within is taken from the person who is being cloned. The enucleated egg and the cell with the DNA would be fused togethe r using electricity which creates an embryo that is then implantedRead MoreAldous Huxley s A Brave New World1649 Words   |  7 Pagescreator of the assembly line, becomes a deity to many uniformed individuals. The book was about how humans are no longer created by the conventional means of mating, rather artificially, through the process of separating the ovaries and the sperm cells, and utilizing certain embryos in a biological process called Bokanovskification, the act of stimulating an embryo to undergo a mitotic process in which the end-result being that up to 96 identical individuals have been forged. As a result, the basisRead MoreEthical And Philosophical Nature Of Human Rights2452 Words   |  10 Pagesface cloning in reality, however the idea of it that I gathered from the movies and other sources of social media, made me interested in going deeply into research in order to find out whether I am for or against cloning. Cloning is typically defined as the production of cells or organisms with the same nuclear genomes that of the other cell or organism. Accordingly, by cloning can create any living organism that is identical to exist or have existed. This process potentially gives all humansRead MoreMarketing Mistakes and Successes175322 Words   |  702 Pagesthink you will find the following classification of cases by subject matter to be helpful. I thank those of you who made this and other suggestions. Classification of Cases by Major Marketing Topics Topics Most Relevant Cases Marketing Research and Consumer Analysis Coca-Cola, Disney, McDonald’s, Google, Starbucks Product Starbucks, Nike, Coke/Pepsi, McDonald’s, Maytag, Dell, Hewlett-Packard, Newell Rubbermaid, DaimlerChrysler, Kmart/Sears, Harley-Davidson, Boeing/Airbus, MerckRead MoreProject Mgmt296381 Words   |  1186 PagesAuthors Erik W. Larson ERIK W. LARSON is professor of project management at the College of Business, Oregon State University. He teaches executive, graduate, and undergraduate courses on project management, organizational behavior, and leadership. His research and consulting activities focus on project management. He has published numerous articles on matrix management, product development, and project partnering. He has been honored with teaching awards from both the Oregon State University MBA program

Learn More About the Types of Coffee Served in Italy

Espresso,  caffà ¨ normale,  cappuccino; sometimes it seems that there are as many types of coffee in Italy as there are  kinds of pasta. And just like pasta, Italian coffee is an art form with many customs and traditions. Whether its a  caffà ¨ corretto  thrown back like a shot, acappuccino  and brioche for breakfast or a  granita di caffà ¨ con panna  to cool off from the hot midday sun, in Italy, there is a coffee drink specific for every time and mood. The Perfect  Tazza Want to start a heated discussion in Italy? Ask a group of friends how to make a perfect cup of stove top espresso! There are fully automatic espresso makers, pump-driven espresso machines, lever piston espresso machines, and, of course, the classic  aluminum espresso coffee maker  (also called a moka pot or The Moka Express), which was invented in the 1930s. Italian coffee  tifosi  in search of the perfect cup will also debate various factors such as bean type,  blade vs. burr grinders, tamp pressure, water temperature and humidity. Caffeine junkies not only have their favorite local  torrefazione  (coffee house), but even prefer certain   baristi  because of their ability to deliver a perfect  caffà ¨ espresso. S Marks the Pot (of Coffee) No one expects a first-time visitor to Italy to trill their rs like a native Italian speaker. But if you dont want to be labeled  maleducato  when ordering a coffee in Italy its  espresso, not expresso. Both will quicken your heart rate, but an  expresso  is a fast train and an  espressois a small cup of very strong coffee. And  caffà ¨Ã‚  (with two fs) is both the beverage and the locale that serves it. What kind of coffee should you order in a caffà ¨? The possibilities can be as daunting as a  Starbucks menu. Below is a list of the most popular caffeine-laden drinks. Keep in mind, too, Italians generally dont drink coffee with any meal except breakfast. Coffee is often ordered after a meal and —   che vergogna!  Ã¢â‚¬â€ only the unwitting tourist will order a cappuccino in a restaurant after lunch or dinner. When ordering an after-dinner coffee, do not ask for an espresso, ask for un caffà ¨, per favore. Italian Vocabulary List: Coffee caffà ¨ (espresso)—a small cup of very strong coffee, i.e., espressocaffà ¨ Americano—American-style coffee, but stronger; weaker than espresso and served in a large cupcaffà ¨ corretto—coffee corrected with a shot of grappa, cognac, or another spiritcaffà ¨ doppio—double espressocaffà ¨ freddo—iced coffeecaffà ¨ Hag—decaffeinated coffeecaffà ¨ latte—hot milk mixed with coffee and served in a glass for breakfastcaffà ¨ macchiato—espresso stained with a drop of steamed milk: small version of a cappuccinocaffà ¨ marocchino—espresso with a dash of hot milk and cacao powdercaffà ¨ schiumato—similar to a macchiato, but with milk foam insteadcaffà ¨ stretto—espresso with less water; rocket fuel!cappuccino—espresso infused with steamed milk and drunk in the morning, but never after lunch or dinnergranita di caffà ¨ con panna—frozen, iced beverage (similar to a slush, but ice shavings make it authentic) and topped with whipped creamshakerato—espresso with sugar shaken to a froth over ice and topped with foam

Role of Leadership in Advanced Practice in Nursing Free Essays

Contained herein is an analysis of role of leadership in advanced practice in learning. This is in understanding that lack of leadership in highly specialised nursing situation is mots likely to lead to ineffective provision of services to patients. According to Sofarelli (2005) advanced practice in nursing has the trend of incorporating individuals with deep understanding of all or specific areas of nursing practice. We will write a custom essay sample on Role of Leadership in Advanced Practice in Nursing or any similar topic only for you Order Now These individuals end up being relied upon in their respective stations to help deliver high quality healthcare services to patients.   These practitioners are further tasked with the responsibility of developing strategies to be applied in the future. However, their capacity to deliver is in most cases affected by lack of proper leadership skills. This analysis will therefore highlight three of the most common nursing leadership theories that could aid in helping professionals in advanced practice to effectively lead respective departments of institutions to better positions of meeting patient needs. Having professionals incorporate these theories in their day-to-day activities places them in positions of passing similar knowledge to followers, especially the new ones in nursing profession. In other words, the process of using leadership skills effectively ends up improving professionalism. The three nursing leadership to be discussed in this analysis includes: leader-follower, quantum, and transformational—each would be discussed independently. The theories are being included herein because of their proven effectiveness in achieving results. According to Porter (2007) the use of nursing theories reminds professionals about the best practices when carrying diverse activities. Individuals choose the theory to choose or even combine several approaches into hybrid leadership skills. In addition, professionals could embark on developing ways and means of having own leadership styles that do not fit with the theories discussed in this paper. The hybrid system could be achieved intentionally by individuals or institutions; it could also be as a result of lack of proper knowledge of the theories. Results could, however, differ depending on the ability of using best practices in theory applications. Quantum leadership theory is mostly used in decision making processes and states that professionals need to look for own problem solving processes before seeking help from colleagues or seniors in respective work environment (Perra, 2001). In other words, the theory tends to initiate leadership in individual professionals, especially those in advanced practice. Fact that these individuals are usually tasked with the responsibility of leading others in various work situations means that they would have to solve problems in collaboration with the followers instead of running to respective superiors for help. Senior professionals in respective departments of institutions can therefore concentrate on other issues as nurses solve problems independently. The senior management in healthcare institutions could, for instance, concentrate on more important issues such as strategy development and implementation (Kitson, 2001). References Brown, K. (2005). The Leader in Nursing.   Nursing Administration, 11(4), 91-115. Brown, M. (2003). Needs in nursing leadership to improve effectiveness. Nursing Management, 16(6), 101-108. Clifford, J. and Hastings, C (2000). Top trends predicted in nursing leadership. Nurse Management, 20(3), 16-24. Decker, M. (2004). Key to Quality Leadership. Nursing Administration, 22(3), 50-62. Smith, J.   (2003). Effective Leadership    Management of Nursing. Upper Saddle River: Prentice Hall. Kerfoot, C. (2001). Nursing Leadership and theory. Journal of Nursing, 5(2), 64-70. Kitson, A., (2003). Leadership in nursing how it influence health policy nursing practice. Advanced Nursing 29, 700-723. Mohr, W. (2000). Fading in Nursing Leadership. Journal of Nursing Management, 40, 100-127. Perra, G. (2001). Future of Healthcare Leadership Quantum Mechanics. Nursing Administration, 22(3), 16-22. Porter, G. (2007). New Roles in Quantum Leadership. Nursing Administration, 32(11), 30-43. Sofarelli, S. (2005). Consequences of Nurse Shortage in Medical Centers. Daily Bruin, 27(4), 14-26. How to cite Role of Leadership in Advanced Practice in Nursing, Essays

Lord Jim Essay Research Paper The novel free essay sample

Lord Jim Essay, Research Paper The novel # 8220 ; Lord Jim # 8221 ; by Joseph Conrad is a narrative about a crewman named Jim who has to travel through life seeking to set a horrid act of cowardliness behind him. He has no topographic point to name his ain, and it seems as though his history follows him everyplace he goes. This makes it hard to maintain a occupation because non merely does everyone cognize what he did, but besides he knows that they look at him ill. Jim ever wanted to be a crewman. He loved the sea, and so he entered a preparation plan for merchandisers where he excelled. He was injured while on board, and this sets up the narrative to hold Jim aboard a boat called the Patna. This boat held 800 Moslem pilgrims, and Jim was first mate aboard it. One dark, the ship hit something in the H2O and weakened the boat while the Moslems were asleep. We will write a custom essay sample on Lord Jim Essay Research Paper The novel or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Afraid the ship would drop, Jim and the other officers took a lifeboat to safety while the ship went under. They could even hear the shrieks of horror aboard the ship. Jim went before a panel for them to find if he was guilty of go forthing them to decease or if he could hold saved them. They revoked his navel certification, and Jim # 8217 ; s image of himself and his self-esteem were shattered. A adult male named Marlow went to Jim and spoke with him about his hereafter and even offered him a occupation. Jim accepted, but shortly after ran off because people remembered his history and he was scared. Finally, Marlow got in touch with Jim and had a occupation for him on a trading station in Africa where he could be by himself and no 1 would trouble oneself him. On the manner at that place, he was captured by Rajah Allang and his people. He escaped and made it to a folk of Malays, headed by Doramin, a friend of Jim’s familiarity Herr Stein. He felt safe around these people, and even fell in love with one of their adult females. When Gentleman Brown came to Patusan, he threatened everything Jim had worked for. He planned on looting the colony. Jim talked to him and promised him a safe trip down the river and promised the Malays that nil bad would go on. But the main # 8217 ; s boy and many others were killed, and Doramin was outraged. Jim returned to the small town, cognizing he would be punished. When he got at that place, Doramin shot him in the thorax and he died. I think the major subject of this book is courage. Jim is a good cat who made a awful error and can non forgive himself for what he has done. He made a fearful act, but that should non maintain him from traveling on, yet it does. He was non courageous, and that bugged him. In the terminal, nevertheless, by returning to the small town to have his definite destiny he shows an sum of bravery that one can non mensurate. Conrad is seeking to emphasize the point that good people may make bad things, yet they are still good deep down. He says that other people will forgive you one time you forgive yourself because the bad thing you did is non genuinely you, but a human error. It is pointed out that your scruples should non be excessively heavy if you make a error, every bit long as you learn from it. Lord Jim is a novel about the growing of one adult male, seeking to outrun his yesteryear, merely to happen out that you can non take back what you have done, but you can travel on. Conrad has made an effort to demo of import assurance is, and how if you can non populate with yourself, no 1 else will either.

ESL Teaching Material Development

Introduction Professionals in the field of ESL, including instructors and curriculum developers, often face challenges in blending theory and practice.Advertising We will write a custom coursework sample on ESL Teaching Material Development specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In the article, Outtakes from Reader’s Choice: Issues in Materials Development by Sandra Silberstein, the author, addresses these challenges objectively by pointing out her own experiences during the development of the textbook, Reader’s Choice, which she co-authored. This article gives ESL professionals an idea on how they can gain experiences in the process of instruction or curriculum development. Luckily, the ESL professionals already have an exemplary pacesetter in Silberstein, who honestly and objectively approaches the commonly avoided challenge of self-evaluation. Overview of the Article The article by Silberstein opens by noting that ESL p rofessionals are adept at churning out pedagogical materials, but even so, they still encounter difficulties in adhering to the all-important philosophy, which holds that the process is more important than the product and instructors propagate it. She notes that this philosophy is a challenge to seasoned teachers who find it easier to encourage their students to adopt it, but they are not in a position to operate within its auspices. This inability manifests in the fact that although teachers encourage their students to share with others any failed attempts at adhering to the philosophy, they for their part fail to do so.Advertising Looking for coursework on education? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Silberstein observes that when content developers remain silent on the difficulties in the course of their duties, teachers and authors miss so much, which could be brought to light through open sharing. The author thus encourages culprits of this undesirable conduct to take a different approach by recounting her experiences during the development of the Reader’s Choice. In developing content for the Reader’s Choice, Silberstein and her co-author were fully aware that there was a need to operate within established theoretical and pedagogical guidelines to capture the spirit of common dilemmas that had been raised by Karl Krahnke at the time. In an attempt in so doing, Silberstein notes that their focus was more emphatic on the criteria of passing judgment on what addressed their concerns and what did not. Their concern in that respect was to develop content, which granted both teachers and students a pleasurable classroom experience while at the same time fitting within the criteria for pedagogically sound reading materials. Silberstein notes that the criteria that the materials were expected to meet was developed from existing reading theory. Through reviewing several theories, Silberstein not es that they coined three guidelines for developing reading tasks. Thereafter, any task they developed for the book was supposed to follow the set guidelines.Advertising We will write a custom coursework sample on ESL Teaching Material Development specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The first criterion required that a reading task be in touch in with the real world and consider the student’s ability. The second criterion required passages that preceded tasks to define the nature of the tasks to be undertaken and the third criterion required books and teachers to elaborate the concepts underlying the skill prior to testing of any skill. Silberstein proceeds to outline the outtakes from the Reader’s Choice and articulates why each of them did not make it into the final text. In addition, she recounts the process of developing the Reader’s Choice highlighting the key experiences they underwent, coupled with how the se experiences changed their perspectives throughout the process. The process of content development is thus daunting and it turns out to be contradictory at some points. Review of the Article In this article, Silberstein significantly succeeds at what many professionals have hitherto failed to achieve. Self-criticism is often a tough task for many, especially in undertakings that are daunting in nature. She rightly points this aspect out when she notes that instructors find it easier to espouse beliefs in the process rather than the product of learning or teaching and so on.Advertising Looking for coursework on education? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More She gives an example of ESL professionals who fail in their initial attempts to adhere to this process while trying to develop content, but they prefer to keep quiet concerning their failures. By using this example, Silberstein directly points out one of the reasons why some content becomes unrealistic and impractical in the classroom. This reason also explains why some instructors fail to meet the students at their point of need despite having the best instructional materials at their disposal. She thus espouses being honest with the self when it comes to self-criticism and she proceeds to use her own piece of work as an example. Silberstein recounts the process of developing the book, the Reader’s Choice and points out key ideas and guidelines, which guided their undertaking. Through this aspect, she articulates the principles clearly, which guided their every activity in the process, coupled with how they came up with those principles. In the process, she acknowledges that even though she is an expert in content development, some ideas, which they use, are inspired by other authors’ pieces of work. She acknowledges that Karl Krahnke’s piece of work, which appeared in the TESOL Newsletter: How do we know when a classroom activity work prior to the commencement of their book, as a key inspiration in developing the book. Silberstein and her co-author did not exclusively focus on Krahnke’s ideas, but they added more ideas obtained from reviewing the literature on reading theory. The most illustrious of the theorists are identified as Kenneth Goodman and Frank Smith. Therefore, in the process of reading, they either espouse or refute their presuppositions. This aspect indicates a well-researched and integrated piece of work, which not only identifies the author of a certain idea but also proceeds to give an overview of the general idea of that author for the benefit of those that have not come across it yet. Superficially, the article appears confusing and because it includes the outtakes from the Reader’s Choice, the article author’s position on the outtakes, the content that made it into the final text, and ideas from other authors. However, a careful consideration of the article reveals a carefully developed piece of work, which clearly addresses its objectives. The author is very explicit with every aspect of the book and its development that she chose to include in the article. For instance, in the final section of the article, she recounts the experiences that defined the successful parts of the article and points out the weaknesses, which according to her exist even in some of the materials that it into the book. This approach blends positively with the approach she took while elaborating the outtakes and the reasons why they were struck out of the book. She remembers to add her perspective on some of the ideas at the time of writing the article and she shows how it differs with the perspect ive she held on the materials at the time of writing the book. This gives an idea of someone who isolates herself from the picture and performs an objective analysis of her thoughts, ideas, and every decision made as though it were from someone else. This attitude agrees with the position she takes at a very early stage in the article that ESL professionals need to evaluate themselves honestly in the process of content development and instruction. In addition, they need to share their experiences openly to help teachers and authors to get insight from such experiences. The article is well articulated and researched in terms of incorporating ideas from other sources. However, one issue fails to standout like other aspects of the article, viz. without a careful consideration of the article; it becomes a bit difficult to pinpoint its principal idea. This aspect would be especially difficult if the article were to be presented to a reader without its title, which implies that the articl e’s thesis statement does not clearly manifest in the text. Conclusion Silberstein’s article clearly articulates the process that led to the development of the Reader’s Choice. It rightly points out the fruitful and the non-fruitful undertakings that were part of the development of the book. Since the book was being developed for ESL use, she relates her experience in developing the book to the experiences of other ESL professionals especially instructors where she points out that their failure to share their experiences, as she does in this article, frustrates development in this area. Clearly displaying the outtakes and elaborating the reasons why they were stuck out of the text explicitly shows her commitment to this cause. The article is a well-researched and articulated piece of work that integrates ideas from different sources and briefly describes such sources to familiarize the reader with their content. The article may appear confusing, but it surely ac complishes its objectives. This coursework on ESL Teaching Material Development was written and submitted by user Alessandra O. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Oil and Gas How Both Affect the Economy essays

Oil and Gas How Both Affect the Economy essays The economy is affected by many factors that determine if it is strong or weak. These factors have to do with buyers consuming goods and services and at what rate they do this. Do the goods and services that are consumed by people created wealth, jobs and a better overall economy for a country. Throughout history some economies have evolved faster and stronger than others. Policies that the government places on industry, technology and the environment can all affect the prosperity of an economy. Of the factors that affect economic growth the industry of Oil and gas is one that holds a stronghold in the world's and America's economy today. When evaluating the economic growth factor of economy and specifically oil and gas on must consider the following questions: What relationship does the factor have with the whole economy? How does this factor affect economic growth Is the factor a cause or effect of economic growth? what would the economy be like if there were significant problems with this factor? What relation does a central bank have to this factor? I will answer each of these questions in respect to how economy is affected by oil and gas. The economy in the United States today is greatly affected by oil and gas. When there are large reserves and an increase of active drills in respect to oil, the economy seems to receive a boost. This is because prices for such things like gas and oil fall and people are able to consume more gas at a lower price. There is more supply and prices fall, therefore people save money on gas and can consume other items in the economy. People working in these industries have more job openings and more jobs filled, therefore creating a lower unemployment rate and a higher national per capita income. The need for substitutes are not there so, consumers will consume oil and gas at a growing rate. Since, people use oil and gas for so many different things like heating there homes, driving...

Robert E. Lee Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Robert E. Lee - Essay Example Evaluating Lee is certainly not easy since there are quite a few different opinions about him. In essence, we have to take all available evidence into account before we can judge Lee to be brilliant, flawed or pragmatic. Considering his background and personal history, we know that he was a well bred individual who was a career army man as he showed his keen dedication to work even while at West Point. It was perhaps this training which showed him how to understand that the odds were insurmountable and the best course of action for the union was to surrender. As compared to his northern counterparts, Lee seems to have a completely different notion about life and how things are supposed to work since the north was unwilling to accept certain changes which had been brought to their economic systems. And production houses which did not need slave labor much. However, despite his defeat at the hands of his enemies, he remains a great leader since he had the foresight to see that the war, the battle and the games between the leaders had all finished which allowed him to sit down and negotiate a peace treaty. In comparison to Grant, Lee had very different ideas about what America should be like and he certainly would have thought his viewpoint to be better. However, in defeat he accepted that his ideals may never come true and he accepted that the victorious party gets to shape America as it wants. This makes him both a great leader and a flawed general since he accepted defeat which shows his greatness yet the defeat itself shows that he was flawed. In this manner, it becomes plain to see that what Freeman (1934) and Nolan (1991) have written about Lee is very true indeed. He was great as a man since he believed in his ideals and was willing to fight for them. He was great as a leader since he recognized defeat and did not continue to put his armies in danger while he knew that the war could not be won. However, the idea of defeat brings with it a

John lewis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

John lewis - Essay Example Through analysis it is found that there are only three to four factors that distinguish the market winners from the market qualifiers. Whereas in case of market qualifiers there are eight to nine factors. The market qualifiers and the market winners are also analysed with the different types of customer segments. The analysis indicates that customers who are considered as premium class are found to favour more the factors which are related to aspects aesthetic of the products, their quality, reliability and other factors like durability and serviceability. The analyses of the operational aspects indicate other processing time of the requests, there are as no other issues. Due to significantly long processing time the company is losing the loyal customers. This is the same reason for which the company is incurring significantly high cost per lead in the case of standard customers. Table of Contents Introduction 4 Analysis of the strategic and operational issues 6 Analysis of the strat egic issues 6 Analysis of the operational issues 10 Service delivery system used by John Lewis 10 Infrastructure used 11 Support to the market 12 Findings and conclusions 13 Reference List 14 Introduction John Lewis is a departmental store situated in London. ... Table 1: Market capitalization AEON Stores (Hong Kong) 3.82B Allied Consolidated Ltd 1.44M Alon Blue Square Israel Ltd 261.18M Arcandor AG 2.52M Arunjyoti Enterprises Ltd. 48.01M Ashley (Laura) Holdings PLC 18.13B Ashley (Laura) Holdings PLC NA Beale PLC 236.04M Belk Inc. 2.03B Bombay Swadeshi Stores Ltd. 99.16M Bon-Ton Stores Inc. 408.91M Briscoe Group Limited 519.58M C.P. Lotus Corporation 4.22B Century Ginwa Retail 2.23B China Resources NA China Seven Star Shopping Ltd. 175.87M China Seven Star Shopping Ltd. NA Convenience Retail Asia Ltd. NA David Jones Limited 1.31B David Jones Limited NA John Lewis 2.5B Source: (Chrol, 2011) The above table indicates that these are the major competitors of John Lewis. The major competitors are chosen on the basis of the size of the competitors. The competitors denoted above have more or less the same size in terms of asset. John Lewis serves to wide range of customers. The different types of customers and their respective percentages are repres ented in the graph below. The types of customers are denoted by the types of products and types of services. Fig 2: Division of customer segment Source: (Bajaj, 2001) The customer segment is denoted with 7 different segments. The highest number of factors is found across the electrical appliances sector due the fact that the data are taken from the quarterly sales. Due to non-availability of the sales figures for the different types of products and services on an annual basis, only the quarterly sales figures are considered. Analysis of the strategic and operational issues The strategic issues of the operations of John Lewis are analysed by identifying the customers and the market supplied by the

Geohydrology and Structure: Groundwater Resource Estimation

Geohydrology and Structure: Groundwater Resource Estimation SYNOPSIS The past few decades have witnessed an ever increasing demand for groundwater and its scarcity related problems, particularly in semi-arid hard rock terrains, are well known and draw attention of many geoscientists. Deccan Volcanic Province (DVP) comprises a sequence of basaltic lava flows of Cretaceous to Eocene age which are covering an estimated areal extent of 5,00,000 Km2 in west central part of Peninsular India. Groundwater potential of the basaltic aquifers (considered to be ‘multiple aquifer systems’ due to the flow characteristics) constituting DVP is highly variable and inconsistent due to the heterogeneity and anisotropy in the aquifer characteristics (Deolankar, 1980; Duraiswami, 2008; Duraiswami et al., 2012). Presence of basic dykes in such an environment makes the hydrologic characteristics of the basaltic aquifers more complex. There exists a characteristic pattern in the distribution of the dykes and distribution of simple and compound lava flows in DVP (Deshmukh and Sehgal, 1988; Ju et al., 2013; Ray et al., 2007; Vanderkluysen et al., 2011). A wide variation in the climate, physiography and rainfall is also an important aspect while estimating the groundwater potentiality of the DVP area. An attempt is made to study the effect of the dyke intrusions on hydrogeology of Nandurbar area, which is located near the Narmada Tapi Rift zone. Approximately 640 Km2 in Nandurbar district (primarily a tribal district in Maharashtra state) around Nandurbar city was considered for detailed study. A detailed study was carried out to estimate the groundwater resources, keeping in mind the marked growth in agricultural activities and human population over the last decade in the study area and its proximity to Narmada Tapi rift zone and presence of dyke intrusions . The area under study is located around the city between East Longitude 74 ° 05’ 00† to 74 ° 25’ 00† and North Latitude 21 ° 15’ 00† to 21 ° 25’ 00† and included within the Survey of India topographical map numbers 46 K/3 and 46 K/7. The main objectives of the present work are: To describe the general trend, and structure of the lineaments (fractures and dykes) using field evidences, topographical maps and satellite imageries. To understand the effect of dykes and fractures on the permeability and porosity of rocks in the study area depending on their distribution, orientation and density. Analysis and integration of remote sensing and ground based hydrogeological data through Geographic Information System (GIS) to prepare groundwater potential zonation map for the study area. To analyze the water samples covering the entire area to understand the groundwater quality and its related problems. Evaluation of the groundwater potential zones and resource estimation in relation to the structures (mainly dykes) in the area together with the quality zonation mapping would be useful for strategic planning and management of groundwater resources in the DVP. The study was carried out with the help of six components: Input from remote sensing data Topographic maps Data collected from field visits Groundwater quality analysis. Preparation of thematic maps Integration and analysis of the results in a GIS platform. As this area is intruded by dyke swarms, identification of lineaments and preparation of the thematic maps were carried out using topographical maps, satellite imageries and field data. Field work included water level measurement, litho-log preparation, collection of water from wells for quality analysis, well inventory etc. The geological and geomorphological maps were prepared and cross checked during field works and final maps were prepared with necessary modifications. Compilation of the observation from well data, rainfall data and the previous records collected from GSDA and CGWB were carried out to know the long term trend of the groundwater conditions. Laboratory analysis of the water samples and the petrographic studies of the rock samples reveal the quality and geological aspects. Geology, geomorphology and the hydrogeological characteristics of the rocks have considerable effect on controlling the occurrence and movement of groundwater. Geological investigation of the area reveals that the area is mainly constituted by simple and compound basaltic flows. Quaternary alluvial deposits of moderate thickness are located in the north eastern part of the study area. Dykes’ being the major structural features present in the area stands out as prominent ridges due to the resistance to weathering and are mainly trending in the ENE-WSW directions. Dykes are of basaltic to doleritic composition and are of varying length, mainly exposed in the central and southern part of the study area. Landforms are classified mainly into structural, denudational and fluvial origin. Dykes being the major structural features in the study area, are studied in detail and analysis of their orientation, thickness, length and density were carried out. Slope, slope aspect, digital elevation model, curvature and topographic wetness index parameters were used to generate results to understand the relationship between the geomorphology and hydrogeology, which is indicating towards a greater control of dykes on hydrogeological setup of the area. Tributaries of Tapi River drain the study area and follow the regional slope from South to North and which intersects dykes at many locations. This structural relation is of great importance and it reveals a significant control of dykes on groundwater occurrence and movement. Drainage textural analysis is used to analyze their control on permeability characteristics of the terrain and also to demarcate the potential recharge zones. Hypsometric analysi s of the watersheds constituting the study area helped to understand the erosional susceptibility of different watersheds and their stages of evolution. The role of lineaments can be of great importance while carrying out hydrogeological investigation of an area. Due to varying aquifer characteristics basaltic flows in the study area shows wide variation in the occurrence and movement of groundwater. Observation wells were monitored for the spatial and temporal variation in water levels and quality. Input from eighty eight (88) observation wells were used to generate various hydrogeological maps and to analyze the hydrogeological setup of the area. Analytical results indicate the occurrence of three different types of aquifers namely, basaltic, alluvial and dyke aquifers. Wells tapping the dyke aquifers or which are located near the dykes observed to be more productive compare to the rest, indicating the significant influence of the dykes. Dykes also show unique joint pattern and can be correlated with their lithology; i.e. doleritic (characterized by moderately to largely spaced joints) and basaltic (closely spaced joints). Evaluation of the groundwater flow direction and hydraulic gradient results of the study area shows a close correlation with the lineaments. Lineaments which are parallel to the hydraulic gradient located in the south eastern part of the study area have little influence on groundwater movement. However lineaments located perpendicular to the hydraulic gradient has considerable effect on the occurrence and movement of groundwater. Such dykes in the study area can also used as artificial recharge structures, which in turn could promote the recharge of groundwater. Time series analysis of four observation well data of past twenty years were analyzed to understand the rising and falling trend of water levels in the study area. The chemical qualities of the groundwater sample collected during two seasons were analyzed from th state level water testing laboratory of Tamil Nadu Water supply and Drainage (TWAD) Board at Chennai. Analysis of the results shows that groundwater chemistry is controlled mainly by the climatic and rock water interaction and there exists a spatial and temporal variation in groundwater quality. The cationic values in groundwater show increasing trend from higher elevations to lower elevations indicating the control of basaltic rock lithology. Nitrate, sulphate and chloride concentration in groundwater is mainly indicative of the anthropogenic factors. Analysis based on drinking water standards (BIS, 2012) indicates the degradation of groundwater quality in this area due to nitrate contaminations and groundwater hardness. Nitrate levels exceeding the desirable limits were observed in major part of the study area can be correlated with the increased agricultural activities and other ant hropogenic factors. Thematic maps based on various chemical parameters were generated to understand the spatial and temporal variation in the groundwater chemistry. Suitability of groundwater for irrigation was verified using United States Salinity Laboratory’s(USSL) graphic classification, Sodium Adsorption Ratio (SAR), Sodium percentage, Conductivity (Todd, 2003) and Kelly’s Ratio(Kelly, 1957). Analysis helped to delineate areas exceeding the permissible limits and such areas needs proper care and management while selecting the crops and suitable method of irrigation. Dykes which stand out as ridges were also noted by characteristic joint pattern. Nature of boulders present on the dyke surfaces were used to analyze the joint pattern of the dykes using high resolution satellite imagery and field evidences. This approach found to be useful in delineating the carrier and barrier stretches of dykes in the groundwater exploration stage and shows significant correlation with their water bearing characteristics. Topographic lows in the dykes proven to be of significant importance in groundwater development. Data acquired through remote sensing of the study area was also used to generate different thematic maps. Thematic maps generated and validated through field work ( i.e, Lineament map, dyke density map, geomorphological map, drainage density, Land Use/ Land Cover map etc.), were integrated using multi criteria analyses in GIS platform to delineate the groundwater potential zones. Integration of water quality maps generated for different parameters bas ed on groundwater chemistry were used to prepare groundwater quality zonation map and has been used to delineate the spatial and temporal variations of groundwater in the study area. Results obtained from this analyzes can be used effectively while planning and managing the groundwater resources of similar areas globally. References BIS, 2012. Indian Standard Drinking Water -Specification ( Second Revision). Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS), IS 10500, New Delhi. Deolankar, S.B., 1980. The Deccan Basalts of Maharashtra, India- Their Potential as Aquifers. Ground Water 18, 434–437. Deshmukh, S.S., Sehgal, M.N., 1988. Mafic dyke swarms in Deccan Volcanic Province of Madhya Pradesh and Maharashtra, in: Subbarao, K. V (Ed.), Deccan Flood Basalts. Memoir of the Geological Society of India, v.10, pp. 323–340. Duraiswami, R.A., 2008. Changing geohydrological scenario in the hard- rock terrain of Maharashtra: Issues, Concerns and way forward, in: Das, S. (Ed.), Changing Geohydrological Scenario, Hardrock Terrain of Peninsular India. Golden Jubily Volume. 69, Geological Society of India, Bangalore, pp. 86–121. Duraiswami, R.A., Das, S., Shaikh, T.N., 2012. Hydrogeological framework of aquifers in the Deccan Traps, India: Some Insights, in: Pawar, N.J., Das, S., Duraiswami, R.A. (Eds.), Hydrogeology of Deccan Traps and Associated Formations in Peninsular India. Memoir. 80, Geological Society of India, Bangalore, pp. 1–15. Ju, W., Hou, G., Hari, K.R., 2013. Mechanics of mafic dyke swarms in the Deccan Large Igneous Province: Palaeostress field modelling. J. Geodyn. 66, 79–91. doi:10.1016/j.jog.2013.02.002 Kelly, W.P., 1957. Adsorbsed sodium cation exchange capacity and percentage sodium sorption in alkali soils. Science (80-. ). 84, 473–477. Ray, R., Sheth, H.C., Mallik, J., 2007. Structure and emplacement of the Nandurbar – Dhule mafic dyke swarm , Deccan Traps , and the tectonomagmatic evolution of flood basalts. Bull. Volcanol. 69, 537–551. doi:10.1007/s00445-006-0089-y Todd, D.K., 2003. Groundwater Hydrology, 2nd ed. John Wiley Sons (Asia) Pte. Ltd. Vanderkluysen, L., Mahoney, J.J., Hooper, P.R., Sheth, H.C., Ray, R., 2011. The Feeder System of the Deccan Traps (India): Insights from Dike Geochemistry. J. Petrol. 52, 315–343. doi:10.1093/petrology/egq082

Conflict Theory

The several social theories that emphasize social conflict have roots in the ideas of Karl Marx (1818-1883), the great German theorist and political activist. The Marxist, conflict approach emphasizes a materialist interpretation of history, a dialectical method of analysis, a critical stance toward existing social arrangements, and a political program of revolution or, at least, reform. Marx summarized the key elements of this materialist view of history as follows: In the social production of their existence, men inevitably enter into definite relations, which are independent of their will, namely relations of production appropriate to a given stage in the development of their material forces of production. The totality of these relations of production constitutes the economic structure of society, the real foundation, on which arises a legal and political superstructure and to which correspond definite forms of social consciousness. The mode of production of material life conditions the general process of social, political and intellectual life. It is not the consciousness of men that determines their existence, but their social existence that determines their consciousness (Marx 1971:20). Marx divided history into several stages, conforming to broad patterns in the economic structure of society. The most important stages for Marx's argument were feudalism, capitalism, and socialism. The bulk of Marx's writing is concerned with applying the materialist model of society to capitalism, the stage of economic and social development that Marx saw as dominant in 19th century Europe. For Marx, the central institution of capitalist society is private property, the system by which capital (that is, money, machines, tools, factories, and other material objects used in production) is controlled by a small minority of the population. This arrangement leads to two opposed classes, the owners of capital (called the bourgeoisie) and the workers (called the proletariat), whose only property is their own labor time, which they have to sell to the capitalists. Economic exploitation leads directly to political oppression, as owners make use of their economic power to gain control of the state and turn it into a servant of bourgeois economic interests. Police power, for instance, is used to enforce property rights and guarantee unfair contracts between capitalist and worker. Oppression also takes more subtle forms: religion serves capitalist interests by pacifying the population; intellectuals, paid directly or indirectly by capitalists, spend their careers justifying and rationalizing the existing social and economic arrangements. In sum, the economic structure of society molds the superstructure, including ideas (e. g. , morality, ideologies, art, and literature) and the social institutions that support the class structure of society (e. g. , the state, the educational system, the family, and religious institutions). Because the dominant or ruling class (the bourgeoisie) controls the social relations of production, the dominant ideology in capitalist society is that of the ruling class. Ideology and social institutions, in turn, serve to reproduce and perpetuate the economic class structure. Thus, Marx viewed the exploitative economic arrangements of capitalism as the real foundation upon which the superstructure of social, political, and intellectual consciousness is built. (Figure 1 depicts this model of historical materialism. Marx's view of history might seem completely cynical or pessimistic, were it not for the possibilities of change revealed by his method of dialectical analysis. (The Marxist dialectical method, based on Hegel's earlier idealistic dialectic, focuses attention on how an existing social arrangement, or thesis, generates its social opposite, or antithesis, and on how a qualitatively different social form, or synthesis, emerges from the resulting struggle. ) Marx was an optim ist. He believed that any stage of history based on exploitative economic arrangements generated within itself the seeds of its own destruction. For instance, feudalism, in which land owners exploited the peasantry, gave rise to a class of town-dwelling merchants, whose dedication to making profits eventually led to the bourgeois revolution and the modern capitalist era. Similarly, the class relations of capitalism will lead inevitably to the next stage, socialism. The class relations of capitalism embody a contradiction: capitalists need workers, and vice versa, but the economic interests of the two groups are fundamentally at odds. Such contradictions mean inherent conflict and instability, the class struggle. Adding to the instability of the capitalist system are the inescapable needs for ever-wider markets and ever-greater investments in capital to maintain the profits of capitalists. Marx expected that the resulting economic cycles of expansion and contraction, together with tensions that will build as the working class gains greater understanding of its exploited position (and thus attains class consciousness), will eventually culminate in a socialist revolution. Despite this sense of the unalterable logic of history, Marxists see the need for social criticism and for political activity to speed the arrival of socialism, which, not being based on private property, is not expected to involve as many contradictions and conflicts as capitalism. Marxists believe that social theory and political practice are dialectically intertwined, with theory enhanced by political involvement and with political practice necessarily guided by theory. Intellectuals ought, therefore, to engage in praxis, to combine political criticism and political activity. Theory itself is seen as necessarily critical and value-laden, since the prevailing social relations are based upon alienating and dehumanizing exploitation of the labor of the working classes. Marx's ideas have been applied and reinterpreted by scholars for over a hundred years, starting with Marx's close friend and collaborator, Friedrich Engels (1825-95), who supported Marx and his family for many years from the profits of the textile factories founded by Engels' father, while Marx shut himself away in the library of the British Museum. Later, Vladimir I. Lenin (1870-1924), leader of the Russian revolution, made several influential contributions to Marxist theory. In recent years Marxist theory has taken a great variety of forms, notably the world-systems theory proposed by Immanuel Wallerstein (1974, 1980) and the comparative theory of revolutions put forward by Theda Skocpol (1980). Marxist ideas have also served as a starting point for many of the modern feminist theorists. Despite these applications, Marxism of any variety is still a minority position among American sociologists. Functionalism is the oldest, and still the dominant, theoretical perspective in sociology and many other social sciences. This perspective is built upon twin emphases: application of the scientific method to the objective social world and use of an analogy between the individual organism and society. The emphasis on scientific method leads to the assertion that one can study the social world in the same ways as one studies the physical world. Thus, Functionalists see the social world as â€Å"objectively real,† as observable with such techniques as social surveys and interviews. Furthermore, their positivistic view of social science assumes that study of the social world can be value-free, in that the investigator's values will not necessarily interfere with the disinterested search for social laws governing the behavior of social systems. Many of these ideas go back to Emile Durkheim (1858-1917), the great French sociologist whose writings form the basis for functionalist theory (see Durkheim 1915, 1964); Durkheim was himself one of the first sociologists to make use of scientific and statistical techniques in sociological research (1951). The second emphasis, on the organic unity of society, leads functionalists to speculate about needs which must be met for a social system to exist, as well as the ways in which social institutions satisfy those needs. A functionalist might argue, for instance, that every society will have a religion, because religious institutions have certain functions which contribute to the survival of the social system as a whole, just as the organs of the body have functions which are necessary for the body's survival. Functionalist theories have very often been criticized as teleological, that is, reversing the usual order of cause and effect by explaining things in terms of what happens afterward, not what went before. A strict functionalist might explain certain religious practices, for instance, as being functional by contributing to a society's survival; however, such religious traditions will usually have been firmly established long before the question is finally settled of whether the society as a whole will actually survive. Bowing to this kind of criticism of the basic logic of functionalist theory, most current sociologists have stopped using any explicitly functionalistic explanations of social phenomena, and the extreme version of functionalism expounded by Talcott Parsons has gone out of fashion. Nevertheless, many sociologists continue to expect that by careful, objective scrutiny of social phenomena they will eventually be able to discover the general laws of social behavior, and this hope still serves as the motivation for a great deal of sociological thinking and research. RATIONAL CHOICE AND EXCHANGE THEORY {text:bookmark-start} {text:bookmark-end} SYMBOLIC INTERACTIONISM Symbolic interactionism, or interactionism for short, is one of the major theoretical perspectives in sociology. This perspective has a long intellectual history, beginning with the German sociologist and economist, Max Weber (1864-1920) and the American philosopher, George H. Mead (1863-1931), both of whom emphasized the subjective meaning of human behavior, the social process, and pragmatism. Although there are a number of versions of interactionist thought, some deriving from phenomenological writings by philosophers, the following description offers a simplified amalgamation of these ideas, concentrating on points of convergence. Herbert Blumer, who studied with Mead at the University of Chicago, is responsible for coining the term, â€Å"symbolic interactionism,† as well as for formulating the most prominent version of the theory (Blumer 1969). Interactionists focus on the subjective aspects of social life, rather than on objective, macro-structural aspects of social systems. One reason for this focus is that interactionists base their theoretical perspective on their image of humans, rather than on their image of society (as the functionalists do). For interactionists, humans are pragmatic actors who continually must adjust their behavior to the actions of other actors. We can adjust to these actions only because we are able to interpret them, i. e. , to denote them symbolically and treat the actions and those who perform them as symbolic objects. This process of adjustment is aided by our ability to imaginatively rehearse alternative lines of action before we act. The process is further aided by our ability to think about and to react to our own actions and even our selves as symbolic objects. Thus, the interactionist theorist sees humans as active, creative participants who construct their social world, not as passive, conforming objects of socialization. For the interactionist, society consists of organized and patterned interactions among individuals. Thus, research by interactionists focuses on easily observable face-to-face interactions rather than on macro-level structural relationships involving social institutions. Furthermore, this focus on interaction and on the meaning of events to the participants in those events (the definition of the situation) shifts the attention of interactionists away from stable norms and values toward more changeable, continually readjusting social processes. Whereas for functionalists socialization creates stability in the social system, for interactionists negotiation among members of society creates temporary, socially constructed relations which remain in constant flux, despite relative stability in the basic framework governing those relations. These emphases on symbols, negotiated reality, and the social construction of society lead to an interest in the roles people play. Erving Goffman (1958), a prominent social theorist in this tradition, discusses roles dramaturgically, using an analogy to the theater, with human social behavior seen as more or less well scripted and with humans as role-taking actors. Role-taking is a key mechanism of interaction, for it permits us to take the other's perspective, to see what our actions might mean to the other actors with whom we interact. At other times, interactionists emphasize the improvisational quality of roles, with human social behavior seen as poorly scripted and with humans as role-making improvisers. Role-making, too, is a key mechanism of interaction, for all situations and roles are inherently ambiguous, thus requiring us to create those situations and roles to some extent before we can act. Interactionists tend to study social interaction through participant observation, rather than surveys and interviews. They argue that close contact and immersion in the everyday lives of the participants is necessary for understanding the meaning of actions, the definition of the situation itself, and the process by which actors construct the situation through their interaction. Given this close contact, interactionists could hardly remain free of value commitments, and, in fact, interactionists make explicit use of their values in choosing what to study but strive to be objective in the conduct of their research. Symbolic interactionists are often criticized by other sociologists for being overly impressionistic in their research methods and somewhat unsystematic in their theories. These objections, combined with the fairly narrow focus of interactionist research on small-group interactions and other social psychological issues, have relegated the interactionist camp to a minority position among sociologists, although a fairly substantial minority. Bureaucratic Form According to Max Weber — His Six Major Principles Before covering Weber's Six Major Principles, I want to describe the various multiple meanings of the word â€Å"bureaucracy. A group of workers (for example, civil service employees of the U. S. government), is referred to as â€Å"the bureaucracy. † An example: â€Å"The threat of Gramm-Rudman-Hollings cuts has the bureaucracy in Washington deeply concerned. † Bureaucracy is the name of an organizational form used by sociologists and organizational design pr ofessionals. Bureaucracy has an informal usage, as in â€Å"there's too much bureaucracy where I work. † This informal usage describes a set of characteristics or attributes such as â€Å"red tape† or â€Å"inflexibility† that frustrate people who deal with or who work for organizations they perceive as â€Å"bureaucratic. Weber noted six major principles. 1. A formal hierarchical structure Each level controls the level below and is controlled by the level above. A formal hierarchy is the basis of central planning and centralized decision making. 2. Management by rules Controlling by rules allows decisions made at high levels to be executed consistently by all lower levels. 3. Organization by functional specialty Work is to be done by specialists, and people are organized into units based on the type of work they do or skills they have. 4. An â€Å"up-focused† or â€Å"in-focused† mission If the mission is described as â€Å"up-focused,† then the organization's purpose is to serve the stockholders, the board, or whatever agency empowered it. If the mission is to serve the organization itself, and those within it, e. g. , to produce high profits, to gain market share, or to produce a cash stream, then the mission is described as â€Å"in-focused. † 5. Purposely impersonal The idea is to treat all employees equally and customers equally, and not be influenced by individual differences. . Employment based on technical qualifications (There may also be protection from arbitrary dismissal. ) The bureaucratic form, according to Parkinson, has another attribute. 7. Predisposition to grow in staff â€Å"above the line. † Weber failed to notice this, but C. Northcote Parkinson found it so common that he made it the basis of his humorous â€Å"Parkinson's law. † Parkinson demonstrated th at the management and professional staff tends to grow at predictable rates, almost without regard to what the line organization is doing. The bureaucratic form is so common that most people accept it as the normal way of organizing almost any endeavor. People in bureaucratic organizations generally blame the ugly side effects of bureaucracy on management, or the founders, or the owners, without awareness that the real cause is the organizing form. Iron cage is a sociological concept introduced by Max Weber. Iron cage refers to the increasing rationalization of human life, which traps individuals in an â€Å"iron cage† of rule-based, rational control. He also called such over-bureaucratized social order â€Å"the polar night of icy darkness†. The original German term is stahlhartes Gehause; this was translated into ‘iron cage', an expression made familiar to English language speakers by Talcott Parsons in his 1958 translation of Weber's The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism. Recently some sociologists have questioned this translation, arguing that the correct term should be ‘shell as hard as steel' and that the difference from the original translation is significant. A more literal translation from German would be â€Å"steel-hard housing. Weber wrote: â€Å"In Baxter’s view the care for external goods should only lie on the shoulders of the ‘saint like a light cloak, which can be thrown aside at any moment. ‘ But fate decreed that the cloak should become an iron cage. † Weber became concerned with social actions and the subjective meaning that humans attach to their action s and interaction within specific social contexts. He also believed in idealism, which is the belief that we only know things because of the meanings that we apply to them. This led to his interest in power and authority in terms of bureaucracy and rationalization

Succubus Dreams CHAPTER 25

I'd sworn I'd never go back into my bedroom, but just then, I needed my bed. I spent the rest of the day in it, curled up in the proverbial fetal position. Much like when I'd made Seth leave, I didn't feel anything. I was dead inside. There was nothing left, nothing in my life, nothing to keep me going. Some wise part of my brain said I should cry. I knew there was grief inside of me, grief that would eventually explode. But I was blocking it for now, afraid to acknowledge that all of this was real or face the consequences. This, I realized, was why Yasmine had screamed. It was a terrible thing to be cut off from something you loved so much. To be cut off from the thing that gave your existence meaning. Hours passed, and light and shadows moved across my bedroom as the sun began its descent. My room grew dark, but I didn't bother flipping on the lights. I didn't have the energy or motivation. I don't know how much time passed before I heard the knock. At first, I wasn't even sure that's what it was. Then, it sounded again – definitely someone knocking on my front door. I stayed in bed, not wanting to see or talk to anyone. What if it's Seth? Some small part of me clung to that hope, that maybe he'd changed his mind. The rest of me didn't believe it. I'd seen the look in his eyes. The resolve. He wasn't coming back. And if he wasn't coming back, then there was no point in being social. My visitor knocked a third time, louder still. Beside me, Aubrey turned her head toward the living room, then toward me, no doubt wondering why I wouldn't put a stop to the noise. With a sigh, I crawled out of bed and stalked toward the front of the apartment. Half-way there, I stopped. It wasn't Seth. â€Å"Georgina!† wailed a twangy soprano voice. â€Å"I know you're in there. I can sense you.† I'd sensed Tawny too, of course, which is why I'd stopped walking. I sighed again, wondering if it would be possible to ignore her. Probably not. Even if I didn't answer, she'd probably stand out there all day, now that she knew I was here. I opened the door, expecting to be barreled into with tears and fanfare. Instead, I found Tawny standing calmly outside my door, hesitant to enter. Her eyes were wet after all, but she seemed to be trying very hard to rein herself in. The trembling of her lip suggested that wasn't going to be easy. And she had a glow. â€Å"C-can I come in?† she asked. I stepped to the side and waved her in. â€Å"You want me to take you out for a drink to celebrate your conquest?† That was it. She lost it. Sobbing into her hands, she sank down on to my loveseat. Still numbed from the Seth fallout, I had no mental energy to deal with this. Not enough energy to hate her, not enough energy to pity her. I was living apathy. â€Å"Tawny, I – â€Å" â€Å"I'm sorry!† she interrupted. â€Å"I'm so, so sorry. I didn't want to. I didn't want to do it. But he told me if I did that it'd pay off for both of us, that he'd pull strings to get me faster advancement and that I'd – â€Å" â€Å"Whoa, hang on,† I said. â€Å"Who's ‘he'? Niphon?† She nodded and produced a pack of tissues from her purse. At least she traveled prepared now. She blew her nose loudly before going on. â€Å"He told me to fake it – fake being bad. I mean†¦well, actually, I am kind of bad. Okay, a lot bad. I can't flirt like you. And I really can't dance.† She paused a moment, as though this caused her particular pain. â€Å"But you were right in saying it was impossible for me to not get sex from someone. I did. I just lied and said I couldn't.† It was just as I'd suspected for a while now, but hearing her confirm it didn't really cheer me up. It was yet another reminder of all the miserable things in my life these last couple of weeks. Staring at her, I still couldn't bring myself to feel angry at her. Partially because I was still drained of feeling and partially because it just wasn't worth it. Niphon had used her to play me, but he'd played her too. â€Å"You're a good liar,† I told her finally. â€Å"I could never be sure if you were telling the truth or not – but you seemed to be. I'm usually good at reading people.† Tawny smiled, just a little, with something almost like pride. â€Å"I hustled people a lot when I was mortal. Worked some con jobs.† The smile disappeared. â€Å"Until that asshole dumped me for a cheap blond whore. She had no idea what she was doing, but did he care? No. Dick. He's sorry now. They both are.† I blinked. I hadn't expected to hear that. I wasn't sure I wanted to hear that. Suddenly, Tawny's initial desire to make men everywhere suffer made a lot more sense – as did the reason she might have sold her soul in the first place. I hoped her current appearance wasn't some weird bastardization of the cheap blond whore. Because that would just be kind of creepy. â€Å"Well, um, I'm†¦sure they are. And you know, the skills you need to hustle and con aren't that different from seduction.† Maybe it was the moving and talking, but as I sat there, my sluggish brain began to stir to life and analyze the situation. â€Å"Tawny, why are you telling me this? If you're working for Niphon, he's probably not going to appreciate you blowing his cover.† â€Å"You're right. He doesn't know I'm here. But†¦but I was afraid. I know it'll all come out if you tell, and I don't want to go down with him! I thought if I came and talked to you and told you what happened that maybe†¦maybe you could forgive me. I'm starting to like it here. I don't want to leave. And if they punish him, they'll punish me too and – â€Å" â€Å"Wait, wait. Stop again. Punish him for what? For getting you to lie?† I frowned. â€Å"And what is it I'm going to tell?† Tawny was so surprised that she forgot to sniffle. â€Å"About her.† â€Å"Her?† â€Å"That – that hag. The one who came into my dreams†¦Ã¢â‚¬  â€Å"Nyx? Oh. That really is how you hid your glow. Hugh was right.† â€Å"I hated it,† said Tawny vehemently. â€Å"Every time he made me go to her so she could suck me out. And then I'd have such weird dreams.† Think, Georgina, think! It was all coming together here if I could just put my own romantic disaster off to the side of my mind for a moment. â€Å"You†¦went to Nyx willingly? To have your energy sucked out so I wouldn't find out that you were lying?† Tawny nodded. My brain hurt. â€Å"And he – Niphon – made you, and – † I stopped. â€Å"Niphon knew about Nyx. You both did. And how to find her.† â€Å"He's the one who got her to come here when she escaped. Promised her two succubi,† sniffed Tawny. She gave me a puzzled look. â€Å"I thought†¦I thought you knew all that? I heard you were there when they captured her†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Tawny looked a little nervous, like she was wondering if maybe she'd done the wrong thing in betraying Niphon. As for me, I was suddenly reliving the battle back in my bedroom and Nyx's offer to help me get revenge on the one who'd sent her after me†¦. Niphon. â€Å"Niphon?† I exclaimed. â€Å"Niphon sent a crazy chaos goddess after me? Why? Why does he hate me that much?† Tawny's eyes went wide, no doubt surprised at my sudden outburst. â€Å"I†¦I don't know. He just said that he wanted to make things difficult for you. Screw up your life. Maybe get you sent away.† Hugh's words came back to me. All I know is that when an imp shows up and is going to this much trouble over something, the evidence suggests it's big. My heart raced, and I grabbed hold of her hand. â€Å"Tawny. Did he ever say anything about my contract? Any contract at all?† She shook her head frantically, tousling her blond curls even more than they already were. â€Å"No, not while I was around.† â€Å"Are you sure? Think! Think of anything, anything at all he might have said to explain why he did what he did.† â€Å"No, nothing!† She broke her hand away. â€Å"I'm telling you the truth this time. He just made it sound as though†¦well, like he didn't like you. He wanted you to be unhappy. Suffer. I don't know.† Niphon. So many things could be laid at his feet. According to Tawny, he'd used her to make me look like a bad mentor (which I was, kind of) and possibly get sent away. The imp had also talked to Seth about selling his soul – despite my warnings. Seth's decision to leave me had been his own, true. But, I realized, Niphon had played a role in getting Seth to think about such things. The distraction Nyx had caused – which apparently Niphon had brought about too – had cut me off from spending time with Seth. Realizing how close he'd been to selling his soul had driven Seth away. The fear of how that would affect him and me both had been too strong – strong enough that he chose to walk away from me. â€Å"Georgina?† I made a decision then. It wasn't going to change what had happened with Seth and me, but it was going to make me feel better. â€Å"Georgina?† repeated Tawny, peering at me. â€Å"Are you okay? You aren't going to get me sent away, are you? Georgina?† I rose from my chair, surprised at how my muscles had become kinked. No longer wanting to be dressed up, I shape-shifted out of the dress and into jeans and an empire cut sweater. Black. Like my mood. I glanced over at Tawny. â€Å"You want to go to a party with me?† I drove us over to Peter and Cody's, where the â€Å"evil† holiday party was taking place. I barely noticed that it was raining again. I walked up the building's stairs like one going to her own funeral, grim and purposeful – and with enough speed that Tawny had to scurry to keep up in her stilettos. When I felt the immortal signatures within the apartment, smug relief flooded me upon discovering Niphon was still there. Peter opened the door before I finished knocking. He wore a red sweater with an appliqu? ¦ Santa on it. It matched his tree, of course. â€Å"Look at this,† he said sarcastically. â€Å"She deigns to show up and join us lowly – â€Å" I strode past him without a word. He gaped. Moving through the room, I was vaguely aware of the others there. Jerome. Cody. Hugh. But I didn't want any of them. Niphon, standing with a glass of wine, regarded me with curious amusement as I headed straight for him. Considering I usually avoided him if it all possible, my approach undoubtedly astonished him. But not as much as when I punched him. I didn't even need to shape-shift much bulk into my fist. I'd caught him by surprise. The wineglass fell out of his hand, hitting the carpet and spilling its contents like blood. The imp flew backward, hitting Peter's china cabinet with a crash. Niphon slumped to the floor, eyes wide with shock. I kept coming. Kneeling, I grabbed his designer shirt and jerked him toward me. â€Å"Stay the fuck out of my life, or I will destroy you,† I hissed. Terror filled his features. â€Å"Are you out of your fucking mind? What do you – † Suddenly, the fear disappeared. He started laughing. â€Å"He did it, didn't he? He broke up with you. I didn't know if he could do it, even after giving him the spiel about how it'd be better for both of you. Oh my. This is lovely. All your so-called charms weren't enough to – ahh!† I'd pulled him closer to me, digging my nails into him, and finally, I felt an emotion. Fury. Niphon's role had been greater than I believed. My face was mere inches from his. â€Å"Remember when you said I was nothing but a backwoods girl from some gritty fishing village? You were right. And I had to survive in gritty circumstances – in situations you'd never be able to handle. And you know what else? I spent most of my childhood gutting fish and other animals.† I ran a finger down his neck. â€Å"I can do it for you too. I could slit you from throat to stomach. I could rip you open, and you'd scream for death. You'd wish you weren't immortal. And I could do it over and over again.† That wiped the smirk off Niphon's face. Behind me, the rest of the room had come to life. â€Å"For fuck's sake,† yelled Jerome. â€Å"Get her off him.† Strong hands pulled me back, Cody and Hugh each grabbing one of my arms. I fought against them, struggling to get back to a cringing Niphon. My friends were too strong. I couldn't break free and didn't have the life left to shape-shift added bulk. â€Å"Get rid of him, Jerome!† I yelled. â€Å"Get rid of him, or I swear to God, I really will rip him apart. He set me up to fail with Tawny. He brought Nyx here, for fuck's sake! Get rid of him!† I saw my boss's face. He didn't like being yelled at or ordered around – particularly in front of others. His face was hard and angry. I could tell he was about to tell me to shut up, and then something in his expression shifted. He turned his attention back to Niphon. â€Å"Get out,† the demon said. Niphon stared open-mouthed. Very fishlike, actually. â€Å"Jerome! You can't just – â€Å" â€Å"Get out. I know what you were trying to do, but you shouldn't have done it behind my back. Go back to your hotel, and be out of town by tomorrow.† Niphon still wanted to protest. But then, he looked at Jerome, looked at me, and then looked at Jerome again. Swallowing, the imp scrambled to his feet and grabbed a briefcase sitting on the couch. With one more glance back at me, he ran out the door. Jerome's gaze fell on Tawny, who was pressing herself against the wall in a futile effort to disappear. â€Å"It's not her fault,† I said quickly. â€Å"Don't punish her.† Jerome studied her a few more moments before sighing impatiently. â€Å"Later. I'll deal with you later.† I wasn't sure if that was a good thing or not, but the fact that he hadn't smote her on the spot was a positive sign. Judging from the grateful look on her face, she agreed. Cody and Hugh still had a death grip on me, but after several moments, they released me. I sagged with exhaustion, surprised to see I was breathing heavily. Tension filled the room. Finally, Cody said, â€Å"Where did you learn to throw a right hook?† â€Å"You don't live through the Dark Ages without learning stuff like that,† mused Peter. He glanced at the spilled wine and sighed. â€Å"Club soda's not going to get that out.† â€Å"Georgie,† said Jerome in a rumbling voice. â€Å"Do not ever speak to me like that.† I steadied my breathing and swallowed back the bloodlust coursing through me. I met Jerome's dark eyes defiantly. â€Å"Noted,† I said. Then, unable to handle my friends' looks of both astonishment and concern, I ran out of the apartment. I made it down one flight of stairs before collapsing and sitting on the landing. I buried my face in my hands and started sobbing. The grief had finally won. A few minutes later, I heard footsteps on the stairs. Hugh sat down beside me and put his arms around me. I pressed my face to his chest and kept crying. â€Å"You'll get over this,† he said quietly. â€Å"No. I will never get over this. I'm alone. I wish I was dead.† â€Å"No, you don't. You're too wonderful and have too many people who love you.† I lifted my head and looked at him. I'd never seen his face so compassionate, so serious – except when he'd yelled at Seth during poker. I sniffed and ran a hand over my wet eyes. â€Å"We broke up. This is what you wanted. You didn't want me and Seth to be together.† Hugh shook his head. â€Å"I like Seth. I want you to be happy. If you could be together without all the heartache, I'd send you on with my blessing. But I don't think that's possible. I think this is best.† â€Å"You told him the only way I'd let him go is if he hurt me, if he was an asshole. Do you think that's why he did it? Slept with Maddie? Because only something drastic would drive me away?† Hugh looked surprised at the reference to Maddie. â€Å"I don't know, sweetie. I don't know what he was thinking.† Sighing, I leaned back into him. â€Å"I will never get over this.† â€Å"You will.† â€Å"It's going to take a lot of time.† â€Å"Well, you have a lot of time.†

Children s Impact On Children Essay - 1472 Words

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