Principles of Communication in Adult Social Care Settings Essay

1.1 The diffrent reasons people communicate are to tell others what there needs are for example there are hungry they need the toilet they would like something they need help to carry out a action and many more. They may like to exress or share ideas about themself or others. To obtaine or recive infomation maby about there children family or friends residence in a care home often worry about there family and when they are going to come to see them ect. People communiate to form relationships with others and share life experiences and to get to know each other. people comminicate to do most things it is very important. 1.2 Communication affects relationships in an adult socal care settings for encouraging participation in activities that go on in the home eg bingo outings film days music sessions theres all require communication but are very good to keep are brain active. To create equality so everyone has the same choices and chances in the home. To share understadings to make a better understanding for yourself. Read more: Identify different reasons why we communicate  essay 2.1 Ways to establish the communication and language needs are meet and the wishes and preferences of an individual are just simply asking the person if they are able to communicate verbally in some cases the individual may have had a stroke so may not be able to do this so body language plays a big part if you work with a individual a lot you can read what there needs are just from the way they act.You should always read a care plan before carrying out care so you should have some knowldge on the client but if you are unsure of anything you should go back and read it again. If you do not know the individual well you could ask other staff members who may no alot more about that client and may no the answer to you questions. 2.2 Factors to consider when promting affective communication would be as simple as the way you approach the client and your tone of voice as this makes a big diffrence its not always what you say its the way that you say it. Your body language can also play a big part we as humans can read body language very well. The enviroment is a big factor to consider as if its very loud around the client may not be able to hear you and what you are asking them to do or you may not hear what they are asking you or telling you what they need. If there is poor lighting they may not be able to see the things around them so well so this would effect communication also. Us as care providers must respect values, beliefs and diffrent culture.You must also check if they use communication aids as this is very important if a client can you hear very well they will have a hearing aid this must be in when communication is needed or they will not be able to hear and understand everything you are trying to help them with. 2.3 There are a range of communication methods and styles to meet individuals needs there are non-verbal communication are this things like written words,facial expressions,touch,behaviour,gestures,eye contact,behaviour and flash cards or pictures. The other type of cummunication is verbal these include verbal,pitch and vocabulary. communcation styles mat include positive,assertive,warm and supportive. 2.4 It is important to respond to an individuals reaction when communicating to respond in a appropiate way and to share a understanding when in a care home setting staff and residence become close and genrally get a good understanding of one another. If the individuals reaction is missed they may become distressed, fustrated or maby even frightened as they may be trying to tell you that something is wrong or they are in a need for help this would be more common with individuals who cant communicate verbally. 3.1 Individuals from diffrent backgrounds may use communication mathods in a diffrent ways. Examples of this may be someone who has been in a very close loving family may use touch much more than a individual who has been brought up and lived alone may be very uncomfortable with touch and may like as minimal as possible. Clients from diffrent countrys may use diffent languages and if they are unable to speak english or staff are unable to speak there known language then other forms of communiacation must be used. Peoples tone of voice may be used diffrent depending on there background this must always be respected and understood. 3.2 Barriers that effect communication are not making sure communication aids are avaliable like hearing aids and not checking they are working. If you do not allow sufficient time to listen then the client cant tell you if they need anything else or that they have any problems. If you are a care worker are dismissive they may not feel they can talk to you and this may cause them great stress. You must always give the client privacy if this is not done the client mat become very distressed. A lot of noice when you are trying to communicate is not good things may not be understood or heard from both sides. 3.3 Ways to overcome barriers to communicate may be adapting communication methods so all clients have a way to communivate with staff in a possitive effective way. To make information avalible in a variety of formats so all clients have the chance to udersand the information in the best possible way for them. We as care providers must ensure all the support needed is avalible at all times this will help make the client feel safe and secure. We must always establish an individuals needs and wishes and there culture and abide by there needs. 3.4 Statergies that can be used to clarify misunderstandings may include asking the individual to repeate what they said again and confirming understanding so they understand you didnt hear then correct the first time but when they repeated you understood. You may also ckeck with other that the undertanding you got from the client is correct. 3.5 To access extra support or services to enable individuals to communicate effectively may be there GP,individuals family or friends,socal workers.support groups or a specialised nurse.This would be if there was a problem with communiacation and the client needed extra things to be put in place so there was more effective communication for the client this would make sure all there care needs are meet and it prevented the client possibly becoming very distressed. A service may incude a speech and language service who can help people who can not communicate verbally in a effective way. 4.1 The meaning of confidentiality is to keep information private and only people who have a need to see it are to be able to access information. It also means keeping information safe in the correct locked place. You must only pass private information on with the indivduals permission to others who have a right to it. 4.2 Ways to maintain confidentiality in day to day communication are to keep all written records safe so not leaving records in places where other may see. You must ensure confidentual information is passed on only to other who have the need to know it. There must be paswords protecting electronic files and only people who need to know the passwords to know. We must always ckeck the identity of a person before passing personal information on to them. And we must provide a private environment. 4.3 The potential tension between maintaining an individuals confidentaility and disclosing concerns to agreed others may include breaching a confidence with an individual, It may also raise a safeguarding issue. It also may put the rights of others before those of an individual there are many other health profesionals who may be the agreed other like colleagues,GP,nurse,physiotherapist,family,advocate,dementia care advisior or socal worker. 4.4 When unsure of how to seek advice we should speak with are manager and if still unsure how we should speak with CQC who are the care quality commision. But we should always follow the organisations confidentiality policy.When to seek advice may be when claification is needed or when confidential information needs to be shared with agreed others.

Family Conflicts

Family Conflicts There are a lot of things that could cause conflict among a family. Some like jealousy, infidelity, and the way you were raised. Jealousy is the natural counterpart of love; when you commit your love to one person, you want an exclusive commitment in return. Anything that threatens that commitment, whether it is another person, a hobby, a job or a situation, causes jealousy. You want the attention of the person you love; when it is taken by another person, activity or thing, you are jealous for the one you love, and jealous of whatever is claiming that person's attention.It can cause the family to fight often which causes family to drift apart which causes emotional problems between the parents and children. Infidelity affects everyone in a family not just the parents. The children take a large blow from it too. It can cause them to act out. Experts say children who learn about parental infidelity react similarly to children whose parents divorce, except the emotiona l responses to cheating are deeper and can have greater, longer-lasting impacts. Children who see a parent cheat lose trust in them because the parent was always telling them to be good.But in the end they were the ones misbehaving. The difference in between parents being raised can have a large impact on the family and how they raise their own children. If a parent was raised in a strict family they might want to pass that to their teaching styles of their own children. But if theres a strict parent and a free willing parent, they may not see eye to eye. That in turn would cause them to fight about how their children should be raised. Which could end up in a crazy custody battle.

Economic Factors Affecting to Two Wheeler Industry Essay

The two-wheeler market in India is the biggest contributor to the automobile industry with a size of Rs.100,000 million. The two-wheeler market in India comprises of 3 types of vehicles, namely motorcycles, scooters, and mopeds. Foreign collaborations have been playing a major role in the growth of the Indian two-wheeler market, and most of them are Japanese firms. The modern two-wheeler firms in India have been manufacturing new categories of two wheelers such as Step Thrus and Scooterettes. These have been produced by combining two or more two-wheeler segments. Foreign firms have already taken initiatives to own their two-wheeler subsidiaries in India. Among the 3 segments of the Indian two wheeler market, major growth trends have been seen in the motorcycle segment over the last four to five years. One good reason for such increase in demand for motorcycles is due to its resistance and balance even on bad road conditions. Most of the rural areas in India do not have decent roads and hence the need for good, shock-resistant, and steady two-wheelers such as motorcycles had been felt. Some of the major players in the Indian motorcycles market are Hero Honda CBZ, Bajaj Pulsar, TVS and Apache. Other brands include Splendor, Passion, Fiero, Victor, Star City, Boxer, CD Dawn, Karizma, Caliber, etc. Having classified the motorcycle brands into economy, executive, and premium segments, Bajaj stands as the leader in the economy segment, Hero Honda leads in the executive segment, and there is a competition in the premium segment between Hero Honda and Bajaj. The following are the main factors that affect two-wheeler sales in India: †¢Increase in credit and financing for auto vehicles – Two-wheeler loans and financing has been on the rise. †¢Increase in consumer’s salary – Due to opportunities offered by multinationals the disposable incomes of salaried individuals have increase manifold. †¢Constant petrol prices – Today, the government of India has been working on reducing subsidies on kerosene and diesel which will keep petrol prices at more or less the same level. †¢Delay in initiation of Mass Transport System – Probably a future threat to the two-wheeler market, the implementation of the mass transport system has been delayed. However, the two-wheeler market in India is a fast growing market due to its technological advancements in product manufacturing and emphasis on design innovation.

Business process management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

Business process management - Essay Example Mature organizations on the other hand, produce quality products or services effectively and there is no variation in efficiency and quality. 2b Describe a capability maturity model with which you are familiar. The model can be described in two ways . Mature organizations use objective and statistical basis of judging product quality and analysing problems with the product and process.Managers supervise process by monitoring the quality of the software products and the processes that produce them . Schedules and budgets s are forecasted making use of previous process data available. These forecasts produce realistic estimates of costs, schedules, functionality, product quality. There is not much variation in forecast and actual figures obtained. In general ,the mature organization follows well planned process because all employees understand the importance of quality and hence coordinate well. The second way is used to explain immature organisations.In immature organisation the produ ction process lacks coordination. Some employees produce high quality results and some do not which results in unsatisfactory results. On the other hand a mature is well coordinated and organised. Every employ puts is his best and produces high quality results.

Report to the Directors of USPS diagnosing the state of affairs and Essay - 1

Report to the Directors of USPS diagnosing the state of affairs and offering some prognosis on what might be a more sustainable business model - Essay Example However, reduction of certain required expenses will lead to a decline in the company’s service quality. For example, the Post Office decides to cut the services of the one of the mail sorting employees. The cut is based on the company’s decision to reduce its huge employee salary payments. The employee reduction will trigger a slow customer mail services. The current business model includes a ballooning debt figure. The debt included an unpaid $5.5 billion amount on its defaulted loan schedule. In fact, the current business model is characterized as not a profitable self-maintaining business entity. Likewise, the current business model is described as needing to sacrifice its services in order to reduce its operating expenses. For example, the lone postman is hired as a part time employee to deliver mails on a Wednesday and Friday. Consequently, mails that arrive on a Monday will be delivered two days later, Wednesday. Similarly, mails that arrive on a Thursday will be delivered on a Friday (Ross, 2012). The same article described the current business model is grounded on low stamp and parcel rates. The current rates of mailing the correspondences were not high enough to surpass the breakeven point. Consequently, an increase in the stamp and other post office rates will lead to the increase in the company’s overall revenue (Ross, 2012). The current business model fails to generate enough revenues needed to pay for the maturing debts (Epstein, 2011). A business is normally set up in order to generate revenues. This is the first step. The USPS accomplished this first business task. Next, the company must generated net profits. The net profit amounts are arrived at by subtracting operating expenses from the gross profit amount. Based on the company financial report, Table 1, the company failed to generate enough revenues needed to arrive at the bottom line. The bottom line is the passing grade of any company. The bottom line equates to a net

Book Report on Intelligent Design by William A. Dembski Essay

Book Report on Intelligent Design by William A. Dembski - Essay Example This characteristic trademark or signature is called specified complexity. An event shows specified complexity if it is complex, not likely to be repeated by chance. For example, when someone throws blocks of ABC’s on the table, sometimes words will occur, but not likely to form words every time. Intelligent Design believes that the odds of the Big Bang Theory getting it right the first time is highly improbable. Intelligence is shown in every aspect of life in the universe, not randomness. Dembski believes that if the Big Bang Theory was a probable theory, then chaos would ensue. Time does erode what was once intelligently designed. Dembski gave an example of a car. Time rusts and deteriorates cars, but they were designed by engineers. Just because time has eroded the earth, does not mean that in the beginning it was not intelligently designed. Dembski backs up his views with other authors, including evolution advocates. He presents his theories in a concise manner. III. What was the purpose of the book/seminar? For whom was it intended? This book was written to inform people about an alternative to the Big Bang Theory, more specifically the Intelligent Design theory. This book was intended for students, Christians, and anyone else wanting to believe in a higher power that created the universe. This book is for people who want a reason to believe in God. IV. In your judgment, what were some of the strengths and weaknesses of the book/seminar? The strengths of this argument are the examples shown in the book. The use of other authors’ works to show his theory is correct could be a strength. His reasoning was sound. The weakness in the book was the opposition of the whole scientific community. There is really no proof for any theory about the creation of the universe that is why they are theories and not facts. V. How was the book/seminar helpful to you? What did you learn from the book/seminar? I learned that there are options to

Brief report Government and not for Profit Accounting Case Study

Brief report Government and not for Profit Accounting - Case Study Example Some governments set up independent bodies to formulate guidelines that are followed in the process of financial reporting. These bodies come up with rules and regulations that are followed by these entities. These independent bodies also determine which institutions are supposed to submit financial reports. This paper aims at illustrating a good understanding of the need for financial reporting by the government and private entities. This is going to be achieved by discussing the importance of regulation of financial reporting by government and not-for-profit entities. The regulation of financial reporting serves the purpose of acting as a check and balances system. The system is meant to limit the powers of the government on spending public finances, raising taxes to cover government spending. Regulation on financial reporting also helps shed light on government plans of public money expenditure (Ruppel, 2009 p201). This requires the government to state the amount of finances it ho lds and the nature of its intended expenditure. The purpose of government financial reporting is to provide information that facilitates decision making by different institutions. These institutions are citizens of that country, citizen representatives and private business entities. Intergovernmental agencies can also be described as parties that benefit from government financial reporting. ... The purpose of these objectives is to give information that facilitates decision making by various institutions with stakes (Earnst & Young, 2011 p 523). Accountability is the main objective of government financial reporting because it transfers responsibility from citizens to another body. The analysis of accountability is met when financial reporting facilitates the use of financial data in determining the extent of current expenditure supported by current income. There are two basic types of budgets that are used by both governments and corporate entities. These include capital budgets and annual operating budgets. Government annual operating budgets are expenditure appropriations for a specific fiscal year and estimated revenues. Capital budgets constitute the expenses incurred in fixed asset acquisition and government construction projects like laying down of infrastructure. Governments record these budgets as a means of compliance or control (Hussey, 2010 p174). Not-for-profit entities are those organizations or institutions whose activities are focused on other objectives other than making a profit. They include non-governmental organizations involved in charity work and other community based projects that the government cannot fulfill adequately. Not-for-profit entities face a challenge when it comes to financial reporting as laid down by ASSB. This is because they lack the same financial structure and background like the government. Not-for-profit entities do not have revenue-generating sources like the government, which means they cannot adopt the same budgetary procedures like the government. Their main source of operating funds comes from grants and donations, from charitable

Change Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Change Management - Essay Example The changing socio-economic environment made it necessary that more consideration be paid to socio-cultural and political environment so that the requirements of the people became the focal point in the development of strategy. McGregor has been emphatic that proactive participation of the workforce in the decision making is imperative for sustainable growth of any organization. He said, ‘The effectiveness of organizations could be at least doubled if managers could discover how to tap into the unrealized potential present in their workforces’ (McGregor, 1960). Thus shared learning needs to become intrinsic part of HR Strategy that involves the employees in decision making processes and promotes collective goals. The advancing technology and the advent of computers have greatly influenced the changing paradigms of the business strategies. Knowledge management has become crucial part of managerial leadership (Garvin, 2003). While the technology has considerably improved the overall performance of the organization, the managers have also realized the vast potential of the emerging new technologies in opening a huge vista of business opportunities that are global in nature but made easily accessible through the new technology like internet and tech gizmos. ‘The Internet with its low-cost entry and ease of use quickly changed how information was exchanged and removed the distance barriers for business partners’ (Gottardi et al. 2004). The globalization has ushered in an era of pluralistic society that comprises people from different culture, race, color and nationality, giving a new perspective to the business compulsions. Levitt, an eminent social scientist, in an article says that ‘A powerful force drives the world toward a converging commonality, and that force is technology’ (Levitt, 1983). Managing diversity has therefore, become a crucial

Lessons learned document Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Lessons learned document - Essay Example I learned that working in a group project entails a lot of collaboration and regular communication. Likewise, member should have developed a sense of cohesiveness to enable the delivery of high performance and productivity. There should be smooth interpersonal relationships to avoid petty conflicts and miscommunication. For some minor conflicts, these were resolved through effective communication, compromise, and accommodation of conflicting parties’ contentions to meet halfway. In completing this project, I learned that I could be an effective team member and could work collaborate with others. I surmised that the ability of the leader to govern and delegate tasks equitably, as well as monitor the progress of each members’ assigned tasks, is instrumental to the success of the group outcome. The project, in its entirety, is still in the process of implementation. As such, it still provides ample avenues for learning through sharing of experiences of each member; assisting each other in addressing urgent issues and concerns; and encouraging feedback or inputs to ensure that the group project would turn out to be better than what all the members initially planned it to

Advanced Financial Accounting; Corporate Social Responsibility Essay

Advanced Financial Accounting; Corporate Social Responsibility - Essay Example The policy of CSR operates is self regulated and built in a mechanism in which a business ensures and monitors its compliance with the spirit of ethical standards, the law as well as international norms. When employed, CRS aims at embracing responsibility for the actions of the business and encourage desired impacts through its operations on the consumers, environment, stakeholders, communities and employees (Kvaal and Nobes, 2010, p. 180). CRS aids the business’s mission and guides it to stand for the will of its consumers. Sustainability development embraces business ethics through applying ethics that examine moral and ethical principles that are common in any business environment. CRS ensures a sustainable development approach to the business’s economic development, responsible environmental management and social progress (Luez and Verrecchia, 2000, p. 100). This follows the fact that CSR helps the organizations to have continued commitment to contribute to the deve lopment of the economy at the same time behaving ethically to improve the life quality of the employees as well as the local society and community at large. Businesses over the years have been promoted through CSR strategies now that the public, consumers and the investors expect them to be responsible and sustainable (Milllon, 1993, p. 1). In selected cases, CSR may result in a number of environmental, social and economic pressures and has been regarded as a strategy to divert the attention of interested parties from the environmental impacts and negative social impacts. The above situation has led to scholars to argue that businesses tend to tame the sustainability concept to imply that it is more than just an environmental and social engagement that businesses can be able to easily accommodate (Neville, 2012, p. 37) Businesses focus their strategies on identifying and employing CSR forms that lead to win-win situations for the wider stakeholders and business. They consider CSR as an extensions of the existing management toolkit meant to enhance shareholders wealth through offering business new opportunities and this is can be achieved through sustainable development like coming up with financial value, improving their management system, encouraging innovation, transparency to stakeholders, continuous improvement, risk awareness and enhancing reputation (Sheeba, 2011, p. 95.  ). Apart from considering CSR as a trade off or managerial distraction against profits, case proponents promote the idea of having the corporations taking charge of their social environment making it part of their main business activity. Including social considerations in the decisions of the business and employing a leadership role in social matters can also be looked at as means of promoting a light-handed strategy to regulations (Shim & Siegel, 2008, p. 81). CSR can end up reducing the future regulation prospects and be regarded as an alternative to business regulations. In such a context, CRS is hence mainly placed in the traditional framework of creating value for the owners of the business through putting more interest in the possibility of a win-win situation. Managing, understanding and responding to the expectations of shareholders can be looked at as self-interests that have been enlightened (Siegel & Shim, 2008, p. 29) Most businesses justify their approaches and strategies by referring only the positive correlations between profits, the activities of CSR and shareholders returns (Freidman, 2002, p. 63). This however should not be the case as any approach assumed by a business in relation to CSR depends on how ethical investment is defined and that

Inventory Management Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Inventory Management - Term Paper Example This research will begin with the definition of consumerism as a phenomenon where there exists a never-ending and never satisfying hunger for the consumption of goods and services. Economists term consumerism as the dynamics or symbol of a progressive and booming economy. The basic concept in economics is when consumption, that is the purchase of goods and services in an economy, is increasing then the economy is on the verge of a boom and if things are the other way round than the economy is in recession. There is sound economics basis behind the concept of consumer culture. In economics terms, consumer culture is synonymous with market culture. In such a situation the prices of commodities are determined solely by demand and supply factors. To understand this we can simply say that when demand of a particular commodity is high in the market than its price will go up., but if supply exceeds the demand of the commodity in the market than the price of the particular commodity will go down automatically. In such a case the choices or buying decisions that consumers take independently, serve to define the structure of the market. The marketers and entrepreneurs have used this concept of consumer culture greatly to their advantage. Consumer culture has provided marketers and entrepreneurs, means to understand the needs and wants of a particular market better and then cater these needs and wants in a profitable manner. We can understand this with the help of an example. Supposing you have to travel o a particular country where your in-laws are living, you will find out about the culture of that country such as local customs, the way they dress, local cuisine and common linguistics etc. so once you enter that country you will be able to interact with the locals in an improved manner and they would be pleased to host you. In a similar manner when entrepreneurs are about to take on a particular market segment, they study the consumer culture of that market. Studying th e consumer culture includes looking at the trends of the market in terms of profitability, analyzing demand, consumer behavior, the satisfied and unsatisfied needs and wants of the market. Once these rules are learnt than the marketers chip in and play their game. (Birchal 2010) The Need for Inventory Management The entrepreneurs, having studied the market trends and being well acquainted with the consumer culture, can determine certain variables that are almost impossible to discover otherwise. The entrepreneurs can determine future demand of a particular product that they are selling to a particular segment. Having talked about consumer culture we must not forget to mention the changes that have taken place in the market over the period of time. With the introduction of more and more products by the companies and entrance of giant companies that offer products that serve to cater to similar needs and target the same set of consumers have actually helped to make the market place a battle field. Today customers have so many options and choices to choose from. In fact making a buying decision has become a Herculean and specialized task for the customer. Where on one hand intricacies at the end of consumer have increased then on the other the customer has become very powerful as well, and one cannot repudiate the fact that products and brands that do not meet customer expectations are either ousted or kicked out of the market and become forgotten history. Here inventory management becomes a key concept that needs to be discussed and highlighted to limelight. As we talked about the concepts of â€Å"customer expectations† and â€Å"consumer culture† so we also need to understand that they are very closely linked to inventory management. Finding the product on the shelf is one of the most significant customer expectations, significant yet basic. â€Å"Finding the product on the shelf† implies that the product must be available to the customer at the right place in the right quantity at

Hunger Games Book Report Essay Example for Free

Hunger Games Book Report Essay â€Å"The Hunger Games† is a the first book in a fantastic series of three books written by Suzanne Collins. It takes you into the life of a scared but quick-thinking, brave girl named Katniss Everdeen who learns how to survive on her own from a very young age when her father died in a mining accident. From that day on, she took care of her little family (mother and little sister, Prim) as well as herself by hunting in the woods of District 12 everyday with her guy friend Gale (who might have a thing for her but no one really knows). District 12 was one of the twelve districts that made up the country of Panem. Panem was once the continent of North America. When an epidemic swept through the continent of North America, Panem was formed and, the people who lived under the rules set by the capitol did not like it. They rebelled against the capitol and lost. Now, every year, childrens names, ages 12 through 18, are put into a bowl and drawn out during a ceremony known as â€Å"The Reaping. † This is a dreaded time and no one wants to be a part of it because they know that if their names are drawn, it is almost like a death sentence. When a name is called, you are then taken and thrown into what is known as â€Å"The Hunger Games. † Our narrator, main character, and hero also known as Katniss Everdeen, offered herself as a tribute in place of her younger sister Prim in an effort to save her life. When her and Peeta Mellark (the boy tribute from district 12) were taken off to the capitol, they went through some pretty intense training and in the end, well, youll have to read the book to find out what happened but it was sort of an unexpected ending. This book was so good because it kept you on your toes the whole time. I would rate it a solid 9. 5. I gave it that high of a rating because, the unexpected seemed to happen a lot and things popped up all the time out of no where. The book also kept a good pace and there werent to many dull moments; there was just enough detail that you could picture what was going on in your head while the story kept moving. The only thing that I did not like about this book was the fact that it seemed almost too futuristic. Yes, it is true that the story takes place millions of years from our present day but, it seemed almost to realistic. Crazy is a good word that describes what some of the people acted like that lived in the capitol. In all though, I really did think that this was a very good book and I would suggest it to anyone who was considering reading it.

Principles-Based Accounting Advantages

Principles-Based Accounting Advantages The primary advantage of principles-based accounting rests in its broad guidelines that can be applied to numerous situations. Broad principles avoid the pitfalls associated with precise requirements that allow contracts to be written specifically to manipulate their intent. A 1981 study sponsored by FASB found evidence that managers purposefully try to structure leases as operating leases to avoid incurring additional liabilities. Providing broad guidelines may improve the representational faithfulness of financial statements. Principles-based accounting standards allow accountants to apply professional judgement in assessing the substance of a transaction. This approach is substantially different from the underlying box-ticking approach common in rules-based accounting standards. FASB Chair Robert Herz has stated that he believes the professionalism of financial statements would be enhanced if accountants are required to utilize their judgment instead of relying on detailed rules. A principles-based system would result in simpler standards. Herz has claimed that a principles-based system would lead to standards that would be less than 12 pages long, instead of over 100 pages (BusinessWeekÂÂ  online, 2002). Principles would be easier to comprehend and apply to a broad range of transactions. Harvey Pitt, former SEC chairman, explained this as follows: Because standards are developed based on rules they are insufficiently flexible to accommodate future developments in the marketplace. This has resulted in accounting for unanticipated transactions that is less transparent. The use of principles-based accounting standards may provide accounting statements that more accurately reflect a companys actual performance. It can be proved by the statement made by Australian Securities and Investments Commission Chair David Knott an increase in principles-based accounting standards would reduce manipulations of the rules (Nationwide News, 2002). Financial statements that are prepared under accounting standards that clearly state the accounting objectives, have few, if any, exceptions, and do not include bright-line tests should benefit users. They should be easier to understand, more meaningful and informative, are likely to result in similar transactions and events being accounted for similarly, and more likely to reflect the economic substance of a transaction, in part, because there will be less opportunity for financial engineering. (Heffes, Ellen M ,2004) http://www.allbusiness.com/accounting/258377-1.html Disadvantages: A lack of precise guidelines could create unreliable and inconsistent information in the application of standards across organizations and make it difficult to compare one entity to another. For example, companies are required to recognize both an expense and a liability for a contingent liability that is probable and estimable. On the other hand, a contingent liability that is reasonably possible is only reported in the footnotes. With no precise guidelines, how should companies determine if liabilities are probable or only reasonably possible? The lack of bright-light standards would reduce the financial statements comparability and consistency. For example, how much income willÂÂ  General ElectricÂÂ  actually recognize on a multiyear defense contract under the percentage of completion method of accounting? Will this be comparable to the income reported by its competitors? And most importantly, will the auditors, many of whom have been caught behaving badly recently, abuse their trust and fail to apply the principles in good faith consistent with the intent and spirit of the standards. Principles-based accounting system generally requires preparers and auditors to apply professional judgment to implement and interpret the standards in the absence of sufficient guidance to exercise that judgment. There is a danger because they can be used to manipulate financial results. Since they have often set low standards for themselves in this regard (even failing to meet those), it is a big question if they will rise to the occasion. Advantages and Disadvantages of Rules-based Accounting Standard: Advantages: Rule-based standards are generally considered easier to audit for compliance purposes, and may produce more consistent and comparable financial reports across entities. Requirements are set out in detail and compliance with the rules can be more easily monitored and enforced. Disadvantages: Entities may search for loopholes that meet the literal wording of the standard but violate the intent of the standards. Rules-based accounting has not worked in practice. Critics argue that the present U.S. system does not produce accurate reporting. It focuses on checking the boxes more than portraying an underlying economic reality. It filled with specific details in an attempt to address as many possible contingencies as possible. This has made standards longer and complicated, and has led to arbitrary criteria for accounting treatments that allows companies to structure transactions to circumvent unfavourable reporting. For instance, lease accounting contains hundreds of pages of rules and interpretations while almost no leased assets appear on corporate balance sheets. The system has created an industry of financial engineering and structured transactions designed to circumvent the rules. Many believe that rules closing structuring loopholes will only result in more elaborate ways to evade them. (Raymond Thompson, 2009) http://www.picpa.org/Content/40856.aspx

The recent demographic, epidemiological and social trends in UK

The recent demographic, epidemiological and social trends in UK This essay is divided into two parts. First part deals generally with the recent demographic, epidemiological and social trends in UK. In demographic trends main concern is population change. The demographic transition model depends on countries mortality and the fertility rates. As these are one of the important deciding factors for population change, though migration is important trend in UK. Next are the epidemiological trends deals with life style diseases, non communicable diseases, mental health, disability etc. Finally, the combination of demographic and epidemiological trends gives the social trends. Second part deals with critically assessing the priorities for public health and health promotion. Because establishing priorities are more essential. Not surprisingly it will deal with obesity, lifestyle diseases, smoking etc., as twenty first century progress, public health and health promotions are the major concerns. The important demographic trends in UK is increasing aging population. According to ONS (2009), the population in united kingdom is ageing with the decrease in the younger population. This trend is seen constantly over past 35 years. Because of growing ageing population. It posed a great political and economic challenge to the country(Squire 2002).Because the life expectancy between 2001 and 2006 was 75.6 for male and 79 for female..There is steady increase in life expectancy of people(Bowling 2005).On the other side there is increase in non communicable diseases which are mainly due to behavioural and sedentary life style changes. These include diabetes, CVD, etc., which are mostly of preventable causes(Shah 2008).When it comes to social trends, it has an impact of both the demographic and epidemiological trends. Like the decreasing trend of labour work, this may be due to many reasons. Although there is a increase in the people who are economically active from 5 million in 1971 to 30.6 million in 2006( ONS 2007). Since this increase in economically active people does not increase the employment rate. There is decrease in the employment rate from 95% in 1971 to 79% in the recent period (ONS 2009) The proportion of percentage of crime is increasing like property crime, card crime or juvenile convictions etc., though the overall crime is decreased from 40% in 1995 to 23% in 2005.With increase in the crime rate, the spending on the other services like social protection is increasing. In 2003 it was  £4,710 per person, which is higher than any other countries. Other spending like those for sick and disabled is increased by means of disability living allowance and attendance allowance (ONS 2007). All the above, trends in the environmental change is present scenario which is concern of most. In the previous years climate change was given low level priority( Doulton and Brown, 2009). Both locally and globally the physical environment and their naturally occurring resources are affected by human activities, which may be due to both industrialization and urbanisation from the act of globalisation(DEBRA, 2009).All these process are due to global warming and climate change, which alm ost increased the temperature of UK. The highest temperature was seen recently in 2005 and the projection also shows that if the emission level is same as now it will have increase in overall temperature of 2- 3.5 degree Celsius by 2080(ONS 2007).In the Kyoto protocol, UK has a target to reduce the emission of green house gases to a level of 12.5% between the year 2008 and 2010(UNFCCC).Even though united kingdom emission reduced to a level, the emission from the aviation industry doubled between the year 1990 and 2004. Generally increased emission of carbon dioxide will have impact at many level, like the recent flood in the November with the collapse of bridges and infrastructure(DEFRA, 2009) and it will have impact economically( Taylor and Ortiz, 2008)According to Greenpeace UK, many people are dying every year because of climate change and in 50 years many species are going for extinction and the government policy needs an action not in words. When it comes trends for health prom otion and public health, following are the problems that getting priority in the recent trend. According to office National Statistics (2007), there are two interrelated factors which affects the demographic change. They are natural change and migration. In 1950s population change is due to natural change. But from 1970s natural population change decreased with decrease in birth rate. From 1980s population increased due to increase in migration level and decreases in death rates. Present trend that is from 2007, the change is equal on both sides. The projections for 2011-2021 show that the population change is due to natural, with increase of 57 % (NSO 2009). In 2005, there was 723,000 live birth when compared with 7000 increase from 2004. It was 34% and 20% fewer births in 1901 and 1971.The reason behind this was due to two world wars ( NSO 2007). The best indicator for peoples health status is life expectancy. It is calculated by the mortality rate of the country(Keith Green 2004).According to guardian.co.uk, the trend in life expectancy are dependent on two classes namely middle and poor class. In which middle class adopt healthy life style and poor will follow unhealthy one like drinking and smoking. The life expectancy for a baby born has reached highest level. This would be like 77.6 years for male and 81.6 years for female. Though females live longer than males, the gap between these two are narrowing. The narrowing is from 6.0 years to 4.2 years in last 25 years. A man at 65 years will live 17.4 years and women will live 20.0 years extra if the mortality rate is same as 2006-2008(ONS 2009).Moreover, the projections for the 2021 is like 80 and over for males and 84 years for females(Scambler 2008).In that, last eleven years of life for females and eight years life for males will lead a poor health(Keith and Green 2004) .Moreover there is increase in the unhealthy life expectancy where the old people are alienated from the modern society(Brown 2008). Ageing is the part of life which leads to debility and dependency but not always with disability(Watson,2008).Many consider chronological age for ageing, but chronological age is rough guide to biological age. Because age is measured by abilities and performance of the individual. Many health and welfare organisation consider age of 70 and 75 years as starting age for elderly than 65 years. (Donaldson Scally, 2009) According to office of National Statistics(2009),the advances in the treatment level and modernization leads to increase in the life expectancy from 85 to 90 years. But according to Donaldson and Scally(2009), increase in older population is not solely due to advances in medical field or technology or new drugs. The reason is decreased mortality of children when compared to early twentieth century where there is more deaths of infant and children. With decline in mortality and birth rate ,which projects older population to be increased(Robson 2006). The population pyramid in the beginning of twentieth century, it resembled like a pyramid with more young at the base and elderly at peak. In contrast twentieth century shows like a chimney than pyramid (Donaldson and Scally, 2009). For more than thirty years, ageing population is increasing with 1.2 million people,16% of them are over 65 years and most of them are in 85 years and more(Robert and Linda 2008).When compared between two years like 1971 and 2007,the population of aged is 0.3 and 1.0 for female ,0.1 and 0.4 for male(ONS, 2009).Although policy matters regarding the ageing like pension, health and social welfare provision which comes under expenditure along with keeping good life(Bowling 2005).However, old age people who need supportive care due to physical and mental debility may have one or more chronic diseases. According to social life cycle and ageing fourth age which has dependency and disability, but many remains in good health(Donaldson and Scally,2009). The policy maker have more concern in enabling the older people to be active, mobile and independence, which will make them to contribute to the society as a whole(Bowling 2005). Donaldson and Scally 2009, underpinned that while setting priorities for health care of old people, it should be categorised in three ways .One is those with good health and require no service, second is one with disabling condition such as stroke or dementia and final one is those experiencing age related problems from frequent falls, sensory deficits and memory loss Next to demographic trends is epidemiological trend which shows the countries health status. United Kingdom health trends basically related to behavioural which are mostly related to diet, smoking, drinking and physical activity. Most of the diseases are interrelated to the one of the sedentary life styles. In the past twenty five years, the prevalence of obesity has doubled (National Obesity Observatory).The prevalence of obesity is increasing 0.8 a year, which is three fold more tan 1980s (WHO Europe,2007).The first and the most important cause of diseases in UK is obesity. It showed a rapid increase in the prevalence of obesity in industrialised world and it is first and foremost cause of diseases (Donaldson and Scally,2009) which leads to reduced level of physical activity which is the part of sedentary life style(Barnett 2005). About 37% of the deaths in a year is due to overweight and obesity, which is the cause for the DALYs in aged people ( Allender Rayner 2007). In 2007,ov er one million where on treatment for obesity with 127,000 and 871,000 in 1999 and 2005(Miller et al,2008). By 2010 it will rise in the prevalence rate to three million, at the time of diagnosis these people will be having 50% long term vascular complications and one third of men and 28% of women will be classed as obese (Barnett 2005). This is growing concern in UK, because the relationship between the obesity with immediate clinical outcome like coronary heart diseases are common(Miller et al,2008).Obesity can be related to many other conditions like mental health, learning disabilities and physical disabilities( Ells et al, 2006).There is strong connection between obesity and other diseases like diabetes, disabilities, mental health etc., Apart from prevalence of obesity in whole population, childhood obesity is alarming in UK due to excessive intake of food and lack of physical activity. This trend is more pronounced in lower socio-economic areas(Pearce et al 2008).In 1955 WHO formed global school health initiative to reduce health problem among young people. As a part of the initiative in UK, National healthy school programme-HSP was formed to tackle childhood obesity. It has given priority to physical activity and healthy eating but not on social exclusion and fails to address experiences of marginalised and vulnerable groups in schools(Curtis 2008). The government policy on white paper like ` choosing the health: making the healthy choices easier the policy was implemented through public services agreement-PSA to halt obesity by 2010.It is delivered through local agency and by UNNAO (Mohetbati et al 2007) There are national targets to reduce children with overweight and obesity by 2000 level. The scheme where imp lemented locally to tackle it. But they are not designed , timetabled, resourced or evaluated(Pearce et al 2008) and there is no adequate attention was given to psychological implication of the intervention. The urgency of childhood obesity was reflected in department of health, the policy in this area of childhood obesity lacked co-ordination, surveillance and screening. It is not precisely articulated and explored (Lake 2009). Another important effect of obesity is diabetes. In UK every one person in three is diagnosed with diabetes(practice Nurse 2009).The prevalence rate increases in faster rate than US and Canada, with increase of 74% in past 6 years(occupational health 2009).It is showed that in 2008 it was 2.5million diagnosed with diabetes against 2.3million in 2007,that is 3.86% and 3.66% (Diabetes UK 2007 and 2008) According to Diabetes UK (2009) ,the projections shows that during 2010 there will be anticipated ageing and with growth of overweight and obesity. And by 2015 obesity will be the extra burden of  £6.3 billion to UK NHS. The country could face a diabetes explosion by 2025 with 4 million people will be affected and 500,000 will live with it unknown. It is blamed to be due to overweight and obesity (Occupation health, 2008). It is getting a major public health problem and it is also root cause of many life style diseases like cardiovascular diseases, stroke , blindness etc., Another beh avioural problem which is also the main cause for the above all diseases are smoking and alcoholism, which are the demographic risk to the population. Smoking is one problem which involves many disciplines of action. 2006 there were 12 million smoker in UK, of which the prevalence is higher among men than women for age groups except between 16-19 years. The gender difference is higher among 25-34 years with 33% for men and 26% for female and lower in those aged 60 years and above(Heartstats.org). There is decline in the prevalence to 21% in the age group of 16 and over by 2007(ONS 2007), but there is no considerable decline in the smoking rate among young women between the ages of 11-18 years(Bowles et al 2009). However in general prevalence is more among unskilled manual jobs than professional jobs (Hillier 2006).In 1974 51% of men and 41% women wants to give up smoking , but in 2005 25 % of men and 23 % of women want to give up cigarette smoking. The gender gap is getting decreased between these two years. But in general 66% of them want to give up smoking(ONS, 2009).The death due to lung cancer range from 90%, 80% to emphysema and bronchitis and 17% to heart diseases(ASH 2007). Moreover, one in three smokers will develop cancer in some stage of life and one in four will die of diseases. Smoking contributes to overall 22% of deaths in UK(ASH 2008).NHS spends around  £ 2.7 billion year for treating diseases caused by smoking(ASH 2009) Cardio vascular diseases is a condition which involves a group of condition which is caused mainly by obesity, diabetes, smoking, alcohol, sedentary life styles, which are interlinked. It includes heart diseases and stroke. It kills one in three people, which can be altered by life style changes(BBC 2008).CVD is biggest killer in the country which contribute to 200,000 deaths a year with highest rate than Europe. The projections for 2050 is every nine out of ten will be overweight and obese, which in turn is a contributing factor for CVD. It poses  £ 30 billion to NHS and to UK economy (Care Quality commission 2009).In 2006, CVD cost 14.4 million for health care system, out of which 72% for hospital care and 20% for drugs. Another important non health care cost is production loss. The financial burden from informal care is due to death and illness during working age. In 2006, informal care caused  £ 8.2 billion to UK government .In an overall it will cost  £ 30.7 billion a yea r (Heartstats.org).The main public health concern regarding CVD is alarming increase in death rate which is due to modifiable risk factors like obesity and smoking. Next common cause of death among the UK people is cancer. The trend of death due to cancer peaked for males during 1984 and fallen during 2007. For females it peaked during 1989 and fallen in 2007.In UK about 50,000 cancer deaths every year (BBC 2007).Cancer is followed by mental health. In the recent past there is strong relationship between mental health and economic downtown. There is a challenge that exist to tackle the mental health without compromising in quality of treatment. All around mental health cost about  £110 billion per year. This is increasing due to recession, unemployment, home repossession etc., The expenditure on mental health will double if the same situation exist( Royal college of psychiatrist 2009).Women are 19.1% higher than men in using mental health services. And old age people using double the size(mental health bulletin 2009).For this government has sorted out some priorities like support to employer from government , Right kind of support to people w ith problem and concentration on research to improve the present situation in co ordination from public health professional. This can done by public mental health approach (Royal college of psychiatrics). Inequalities due to migration are the constant problem in UK. It may be due to the difference in the level of deprivation (Connolly O Reilly 2007). According to ONS (2009), migration in is seen in two levels like immigration and emigration. International migrations contribute to population growth of UK in the recent years. The people emigrated from UK is 427,000 in 2008 which is high when compared to 341,000 in 2007. The number of people emigrated has doubled in A8 accession countries from 25,000 in 2007 to 69,000 in 2008. In contrast, people came to UK in 2008 is 590,000 when compared with 574,100 in 2007. However, there is decrease in NI number allocation between 2007 and 2008 shows that decrease in the number of people came to UK from other countries. There is steady decrease in people immigrating to UK between 2007, it includes both EU and Non EU. But there is sharp increase in people coming for formal study from 27% in 2007 to 32% in 2008(ONS).Immigration causes two problems to NHS, first is the abuse of overseas visitors and second is unchecked permanent migration with major illness and diseases like HIV, Tuberculosis and Hepatitis B. These diseases are communicable, intractable leads to spread which will cause serious public health problems (Moxon 2004).

The End of World War I :: World War I History

The End of World War I As the news of the individual surrender spread, fellow Germans saw that they were losing the war and started mutinies. Many people told the Kaiser to seek an armistice with the allies. However, he did not show any intensions of giving up. With the end so close, many American newspapers started to create rumors that the armistice had signed been signed by the Germans. They assumed that our leaders were suing for peace. They were still only considering signing an armistice. The American armistice was based on Woodrow Wilson's fourteen-point plan. He did have a hard time convincing the other allies that the fourteen-point plan was going to work. Wilson who was wanted peace without actually winning the war. By the time the armistice was signed, the people of Germany were happy that the war had ended. The treaty was signed at Rethondes, France at 5:00 pm on November 11 1918. Two days earlier Kaiser Williams of Germany had abdicated and fled to the Netherlands. Prince Max of Beden had immediately accepted defeat. The word quickly passed along the front and at 11:00 the battles should stop. Many notes had passed between Prince Williams and President Wilson in the days that led to the armistice. All of the matters were discussed through notes although a representative was sent to explain the idea behind the fourteen point and other American theories that led to the formation of the armistice. After the armistice was signed and the war ended many of the Americans flooded the towns located near the front, they celebrated. Many sang their national anthem. The streets were crowded with people. The town center was so filled that you could hardly see anything. Church bells ringed through out Europe to praise the end of the war. Many people even sung huge flags of either America or France. Many of the soldiers just stared and wondered what was going on. They had seen all the death and did not realize why the men celebrated. Many people endorsed the fourteen-point plan. Some even thought that he would win the noble peace prize for his work during the tragic war. Many Americans believed that their president their war hero had ended the war with the fourteen points for peace. Many of the allies wanted to put and end to the war by claming victory and puncture the economy of Germany forever. The End of World War I :: World War I History The End of World War I As the news of the individual surrender spread, fellow Germans saw that they were losing the war and started mutinies. Many people told the Kaiser to seek an armistice with the allies. However, he did not show any intensions of giving up. With the end so close, many American newspapers started to create rumors that the armistice had signed been signed by the Germans. They assumed that our leaders were suing for peace. They were still only considering signing an armistice. The American armistice was based on Woodrow Wilson's fourteen-point plan. He did have a hard time convincing the other allies that the fourteen-point plan was going to work. Wilson who was wanted peace without actually winning the war. By the time the armistice was signed, the people of Germany were happy that the war had ended. The treaty was signed at Rethondes, France at 5:00 pm on November 11 1918. Two days earlier Kaiser Williams of Germany had abdicated and fled to the Netherlands. Prince Max of Beden had immediately accepted defeat. The word quickly passed along the front and at 11:00 the battles should stop. Many notes had passed between Prince Williams and President Wilson in the days that led to the armistice. All of the matters were discussed through notes although a representative was sent to explain the idea behind the fourteen point and other American theories that led to the formation of the armistice. After the armistice was signed and the war ended many of the Americans flooded the towns located near the front, they celebrated. Many sang their national anthem. The streets were crowded with people. The town center was so filled that you could hardly see anything. Church bells ringed through out Europe to praise the end of the war. Many people even sung huge flags of either America or France. Many of the soldiers just stared and wondered what was going on. They had seen all the death and did not realize why the men celebrated. Many people endorsed the fourteen-point plan. Some even thought that he would win the noble peace prize for his work during the tragic war. Many Americans believed that their president their war hero had ended the war with the fourteen points for peace. Many of the allies wanted to put and end to the war by claming victory and puncture the economy of Germany forever.

Was Napoleon Bonaparte the Saviour or the Destroyer of the Ideals of the French Revolution? :: European Europe History

Was Napoleon Bonaparte the Saviour or the Destroyer of the Ideals of the French Revolution? With all the glory and the splendour that some countries may have experienced, never has history seen how only only one man, Napoleon, brought up his country, France, from its most tormented status, to the very pinnacle of its height in just a few years time. He was a military hero who won splendid land-based battles, which allowed him to dominate most of the European continent. He was a man with ambition, great self-control and calculation, a great strategist, a genius; whatever it was, he was simply the best. But, even though how great this person was, something about how he governed France still floats among people's minds. Did he abuse his power? Did Napoleon defeat the purpose of the ideals of the French Revolution? After all of his success in his military campaigns, did he gratify the people's needs regarding their ideals on the French Revolution? This is one of the many controversies that we have to deal with when studying Napoleon and the French Revolution. In this essay, I w ill discuss my opinion on whether or not was he a destroyer of the ideals of the French Revolution. Certain individuals approved of Napoleon's reign as the saviour of France. He finished and completed the Revolution by fulfilling the ideals the people of France demanded. A person such as one belonging to the bourgeoisie, or even a peasant would be very satisfied with the way Napoleon ruled over the country. He gave them equality, freedom, justice, and many rights. Such things never existed during the reign of the monarchs before Napoleon stepped in. A banker too would be very affirmative on how Napoleon had truly helped France in its economic problems. He made the franc the most stable currency in Europe, and the banker had witnessed that, as probably one of the bankers of the Bank of France. Another type of individual that agrees that Napoleon isn't the destroyer of the ideals of the Revolution would be his soldiers and generals. He had fought alongside with his men in many battles. Through inspiration, he gained their loyalty, to "follow him to the stars" if he asked them to. Suc h inspiration would never be gained if he never respected them, if he never treated them fairly. And then, the "Legion of Honour", which awarded to some certain citizens for their civil and military achievements.

Native Americans in California Missions Essay

Spanish wanted to colonize some of America, just like the Europeans. Building religious based Missions all throughout California was a way for them to maintain ultimate social, political, and economic control. Spanish explorers arrived on the border of California during the 16th century. The very first Franciscan mission was built in San Diego during 1769. By 1833, twenty two Spanish Missions existed from Southern California to Northern California. Native Americans made up about one-third of those who lived and worked at the Missions. There were an estimated 310,000 Indians living in California during the 16th century. The Spanish provided the Native Americans with the necessities such as food, clothing, and shelter. Although the California Missions had the right intentions of providing for the Native Americans, the Spanish acted in an inhumane and unfair way. Junipero Serra arrived in San Diego in 1768 and lead a group of Franciscans to find property and more importantly, workers. He welcomed the Native Americans with open arms and open doors. In a primary document written by Junipero Serra himself, he admitted that he used the Native Americans solely for work. However, he said that providing them with food and shelter compensates for their hard work. â€Å"So if families other than Indian come from there, it will serve the same purpose very well—that is, if we can provide for them†¦Ã¢â‚¬ (Serra). Serra’s defenders state that he respected the Natives’ culture. However, his criticizers argue that he used force to urge the Native Americans to live at the Missions against their will. Although the Natives did not agree with Serra’s beliefs and actions, they were very respectful for the most part. For those who did not respect Serra received physical punishment with â€Å"whips, chains, and stocks to enforce religious obedience† (Serra). Junipero Serra was a great leader who made sure the California Missions were in order. The California Mission had worthy intentions and plans for the Native Americans. The Spanish welcomed them into their ‘homes’ and provided them with the essentials such as food, clothing, and shelter. However, living at the Missions had its consequences. The Native Americans were forced to change their entire lifestyles – from their beliefs, their daily routines, to the way they dressed and what they ate. Although anthropologists conducted that some Native Americans enjoyed their new lives, more than eighty percent refused to convert their ways of life (Sandos, 13). For thousands of years, the Natives were accustomed with their own lifestyle and beliefs, and all of a sudden, everything was stripped away from them. Even their personal identity was taken away from them. The Franciscans provided each individual with Spanish names which were to be used instead of their native birth names. â€Å"The missions were not agents of intentional enslavement, but rather rapid and therefore violent social and cultural change† (Archibald, 24). The Native Americans ended up becoming tax pay citizens along with being under Spanish wing twenty-four hours a day, seven days a week. The Franciscans had very different beliefs and traditions from the Native Americans. The Native Americans were forced to convert their religion to Roman Catholics. The Native Americans were more of a â€Å"spiritual† group rather than a religious group. Instead of believing in personified figures, such as Jesus, they believed spirits lie within their nature. Native Americans feed their energy off of nature. They believed that they are protected by the Mother Nature that surrounded them. The Spanish used religion to explain their actions, which made it ‘okay’ for them to convert the Native American’s beliefs because they were backed up by their god (California). Every person living and working at the Mission had to be officially baptized as a rite of passage. On Sundays and holidays everyone was obligated to go to church and worship. The Natives were forced to memorize Catholic rituals, songs, and scriptures. Prayer lasted four hours on Sundays and feast days. On a regular basis on typical days, prayer lasted two hours. Catholicism was a huge part of living at the Missions. The Missions were surrounded by Spanish soldiers so everyone was watched very closely. Once the Native Americans accepted the Spanish lifestyle, it was nearly impossible to escape. It was as if they were held against their own will. A few sources compare the treatment of Native Americans to slavery (Archibald, 48). Slavery is defined as an economic exploitation that benefits only the slave-owner. In the California Missions, the Native Americans worked solely to provide and maintain a certain lifestyle for the Spanish. Besides minimal food and shelter, the Native America’s natural human rights were stripped from them. Native America women made clothing, prepared meals, cleaned the rooms, and whatever domestic chores needed to be done at the Mission. Native American mothers even had to care for Spanish children instead of focusing on their own (Mission). The Native American men had to hunt for food and build new Missions. In addition, they learned carpentry, leatherworkers, smiths, and farm work. The Franciscans controlled their days into a rigorous schedule announced by church bells (Archibald, 104). If the workers were not done with their tasks by the chimes of the church bells, they would suffer major consequences. The Franciscans did not view their actions as imprisonment because they believed that the providence of food and shelter compensates for Natives’ hard work. In reality, the Missions were not a place to live a life of ease nor was it a place to acquire personal fortune and prosperity. The Native Americans were not worked to death like the slaves in southern United States at this time. However, the strict regulation, cruel and unusual punishments and forced new traditions are extremely inhumane acts. According to Julio Cesar, â€Å"When I was a boy the treatment given to the Indians at the Mission was not good at all. We were at the mercy of the administrator, who ordered us to be flogged whenever and however he took notion† (Mission). Every Mission had two priests. One priest’s duties were to preach and teach about religion. The other priest’s duties were strictly on the work field. He instructed and gave the Native Americans and other workers their duties. The lifestyle in the California Missions was set in a very rigorous schedule so it was nearly impossible for the Native Americans to take a break or escape the hardship. The Natives resisted colonization after just a short time living and working at the Missions. There were a few deadly rebellions conducted by the Native Americans. They destroyed Mission property and even threatened to kill priests. The most infamous attack occurred in San Diego. On November 4, 1775, hundreds of men completely destroyed the Cuiamac Rancheria Mission of San Diego. The men also killed three Hispanics, including the Father, Padre Jaime (Sandos, 92). In addition, in 1824, another great Indian rebellion in California occurred at the Missions of Barbara. A large part of the Mission building was wrecked by a large fire. On the same day, hundreds of Native Americans attacked the Spanish defenders and soldiers. Leaders of the rebellion were severely punished. Seven were executed and the others were imprisoned or required to do even crueler labor. The Natives revolted because of their poor treatment and forced labor enforced by the soldiers and Fathers (Sandos, 73). These rebellions were among the many others throughout the 16th century in the California missions. This proves that the Native Americans were furious about getting different beliefs and work forced onto them. The Spanish settlers caused a lot of health problems to flourish all throughout California. Soon after the arrival of Spanish colonists, diseases spread from Southern California to Northern California so Native American fatalities heightened. Highly infectious diseases such as smallpox, measles, and syphilis killed thousands of Native Americans, especially children, so the Indian population dropped drastically (Sandos, 64). About sixty percent of the Mission Native Americans’ death was due to introduced diseases. In just a few decades, the Native American population in California decreased from 310,000 to about 100,000. Since the California Missions held many residences, people lived in such confined spaces which caused contagious diseases to spread rapidly. In order to keep the population at a steady rate for enough workers, Mission leaders separated Native American children from their parents to maintain the children’s health to save them to work at the Missions as they got older (California). The Natives were furious that their families were being separate. Mothers were not there to care for their children, so the Native children were on their own. There was a lack of physicians to care for the ill so not everyone could be helped. Diseases were not the only reason why the Native population dropped drastically. They went through rigorous changes in diet so their bodies were not used to the food they were eating. In addition, malnutrition caused toxins in their bodies. In addition, the intense demanding manual labor is a factor that contributed to their inability to overcome the sickness. Death rates were higher than birth rates so the Mission had to keep recruiting different tribes all throughout California (Mission). By 1834, there were only about 15,000 Native American residents in the twenty two Missions. The Spanish were only in contact with the Native Americans for personal gain. The Franciscans maintained total economic, social, and political control all throughout California. Very few Native Americans chose to stay at the Missions voluntarily. During their time at the Missions, they had to conduct harsh labor and all of their rights were taken away from them. Although they provided the Native Americans with food, shelter, and clothing, the Franciscans treated them like slaves. The Spanish’s involvement backfired since a majority of Native Americans died due to illness, making them nearly extinct. The physical and metal demands required were a major strain on the Native Americans.

Freud’s Theories

gibe to Freud, there is no such social function as an diagonal, save rather an unconscious(p) desire. Freud developed the theory of bollocks up Actions as a method to explain when things come up that viewm to be accidental but play slump into what that person desires at the time. The desire may not as yet be a conscious or purposeful event, but can be something that is desired in the subconscious and the accident or mishandle action provides a means to get that desire accomplished. cardinal might consider these bungled actions to be a doorway into our unconsciousness.In his es offer Bungled Actions, Freud talks of cases where he saw the report of a mistake or bungled action connecting to a deeper meaning. Bungled actions can, of course, assist as whole number of early(a) obscure purposes (237). Freud talks about(predicate) the liking of breaking things, harming oneself. The action of these things all argon supposed to represent something that our unconscious wants to see run a risk. Numerous bungled actions were discussed through with(predicate)out the edition which I would corroborate never opinion to be connected to one another(prenominal).Smashing or breaking things with some value, there were several(prenominal) stories in which people say to imbibe broken something and it was connected to an event in their lives. Freud sees the breaking of something as a sacrifice. For instance, Freud himself once being clumsy sat heap at his desk to write a garner and knocked over the ink pot over which sat on his desk. Earlier in the day, his sister had commented on how his ink take over didnt match his table and how he should get another one. Based on his theory, he believes that the reason he unconsciously broke the ink pot is purely because in his mind his sister said he needed to get another one. Dropping, knocking over and breaking objects atomic number 18 acts which seem to be used in truth often to express unconscious trains of imag e (242) as we saw in the Freuds mishap. The baloney in the reading goes to say that a young boy wasnt happy with his nurses directions for him to spend the sunup in bed. He got quite angry and jeopardise to kill himself. That evening the boy was presentation his arm with the large bump and bruises on it and said that was my attempt at self-destruction that I threatened this morning. In Freuds eyes this child had unconsciously build his arm because of his earlier comment. Falling, stumbling, and slipping arent always seen as accidental miscarriages of get activities (243) because they always have a story behind them. Freud suggests that these things express sexual content. accept Freuds theory took some reading, after understanding the unconscious and the id, ego, and super ego I believe we all have an unconscious world hiding inside(a) us waiting to escape through small mistakes or Freudian slips.I personally have never thought about how the accidents or mistakes I make in my life are actions that happened to try and assort me something else, but if someone is daring bounteous to take a gander, why not. I feel that if people are much aware of this it might not happen as often but it doesnt hurt to investigate the urges hiding at heart all of us. Just the other workweek I was talking to my parents about how I wanted to get a youthful laptop because my computer was getting old. I also thought how nice it would be to be able to take it to opposite places, such as school.We were throwing the around and fixed to wait until laptops were on sale right ahead September. My dad has been looking online for gross revenue ever since. Just the other morning my dad needed to jump on the internet rattling quick before he went to work in the morning, I guess he was still half(a) asleep and knocked a whole form of hot coffee right on top of the computer. Needless to say we had to go out Saturday morning to buy me a unused laptop the coffee done for(p) it My dads subconscious really wanted to buy me a new laptop, I guess.

Community behavior Essay

African American perform property has woven collectively the best of African Anglo coatings to creatively shape their own African American individuation. While sullen sights sire not been favorablely, semipolitically or economically free in the memorial, the put on of church property has facilitated the phylogeny of different forms of cultural and ghost manage freedom by interpreting, transcending and embracing, the constraints of an oppressive culture.Further more than, the using of their own beliefs, norms, forms, practices, and structures has given rise to a culture and sprightlicape that is a distinctive form of human survival, existence, and, freedom some importantly. The dumbened churches as the centers of freedom figure come forwardd the practice of African-American eldritchity. They stimulate become rubber eraser places where inkinesss gathered to embrace their combined concerns as a biotic community of faith. They have been the merely institutions in the African American stimulate that has continued relative independence from the domesticating influence of white pressure and overlords.Some sinister churches consider may be the end place to see integration collect to the need to primary(prenominal)tain a motive base not available to gloomy commonwealth elsewhere. After reviewing some aspects of hero-worship as the context for cultural and spiritual freedom, black preaching in and out sides of the black churches atomic number 18 one of the around powerful expressions of freedom for black peck in America. The ability to produce a soul language that defines truth into systems of intend gives power and purpose to black people.Subsequently, disastrous community successfully adopts and adapts the structures of the much doubleger culture for their own purpose this practice comes from a double consciousness or translating. African Americans translated the experience of one conformation to that of another which leadin g them to freedom. Therefore, black people spirituality gave freedom to the spirit and occupy heed that the external condition could not take away. The religious approach is delinquent to a deep faith in the sacredness of life history that reaffirmed a personal dignity in blacks which resulted in the practice of nonviolence and mercy. drab community determines themselves how they responded to oppression. Various forms expressing improvisation and variation from black soul forces constituted black culture. These forms under the subtitles black music, literature, humor, folk tales, sports, wile and dance and their worship forms under the headings of prayer, shouting, healing, dancing, tattle praising and instru noetic music transformation, doctrine and preaching. These forms express that what is true and valuable testament be determined by black community itself and will subvert and harbour attempts of the larger culture to discern.church buildinges can surface to be of ext ensive importance as it athletic supporters in providing a psychological and physiologic assistance to their congregants by providing treatment and ginmill oriented programs in the society. A great example from the history is the dumb Church that has served through and through decades as an in glob social guider. And its effectiveness posed people to look on the dinner gown means. Substance abuse, survive, wellness screening and education were some of the handle where the pitch-dark Church pop the questiond its assistances.Individuals and churches that ar associated with it hold significant importance in the history as it created a chain mingled with informal and formal system of tuition that benefited the society specially those who be marginalized or underserved. These programs were encouraged by m whatever others like lay persons, inbred helpers, and religious leading. As cold as these religious leaders argon concerned, they do their finding in the treatment of affable affection and they made everyone realize that para master key counselors atomic number 18 in no way less(prenominal) then the professional counselors.They made their achievement in quaternary atomic number 18as of community medicine primary forethought delivery, health promotion and disease prevention, community affable health and health policy. The church had great potentials. It provided and outstanding performance in collaborating with formal dole out systems to maximize its programs. Eng et al. helped a great deal in promoting the churchs health care programs. such immanent helpers have gone through a training program where they learnt how to act with the health professionals, resource mobilization, primary self-care skills and prevention, composition of educational and service-oriented activities.Whilst the lay advisors were supposed to shelter social apply, they were expected to promote a healthy general well-being of people and were asked to keep a clo se standoff with the formal care system. As far as the roles of religious leaders are concerned, they are not fully describe in the health care literature. In the early 1970s, a need for psychiatrics essential in untaught areas, as these single(a)s were recognized the more underserved population. These investigations evolved and helped in the contri thation of pinch the mental health status among the urban and the countryfied individuals. cordial, economic and geographical factors are the attri only ifes of such rural problems. The important difficulty in the rural life of South was to separate the effects of leanness from the effects of race, color, cast etc. but after some time the resolution was discovered. But later it was discovered that hardly 3% of the licensed psychiatrics were practicing the rural areas and the balance wheel were gone to nowhere. Rural populations were again left-hand(a) to the same position as it was before. The Black Church has no challeng er as the cultural womb of the black community.not only did it give birth to untested institutions such as schools, banks, insurance companies, and down in the mouth income housing, it sympatheticly provided an academy and an arena for political activities, and it nurtured young talent for musical, dramatic, and artistic development (1990, 8) The factor of race still existed between these populations no-matter if its urban or rural it overly greatly affected the mental healths of each individual. Many theorists believe that vacuous American have been always against the black consumers, because they have no understanding of blacks culture, traditions, beliefs etc.But on the other hand blacks are not either interested in eat goods or services from the Whites. They are less presumable to trust White therapists and establish not to interact with them in any case. Studies proved that Blacks are interested in consuming goods and quest services from the blacks due to the understa nding of same culture and traditions, it is to a fault based on the preference of similar attitudes and racial compatibility. The inquiry grew further and further. The research helped in understanding the need to change and acceptance of cultural and attitudinal differences and system-levels barriers.Studies proved that racial identity can be a part of success. Here racial identity means that identification of diverse racial backgrounds it includes the basic knowledge of ones culture and traditions. Accepting the non normative doings of minorities can also help in dealing with societies therapists play a big role in understanding the culture background. Lack of understanding of cultural reactivity may result in anxiety between racial differences and help seeking environment. As compare to white blacks are more tolerant of psychological distress.They are very quick in diagnoses of dementia praecox and psychosis and control such diseases in their unseasonable stages. Individual s, interpersonal and system-level factors promote understanding of service utilization and psychiatric morbidity. They focus on individuals because individuals predict reasonable outcomes related to services and treatment. Researchers always pick out individuals to take out correct outcomes the individual factors include race, religiosity, beliefs round mental health and copying styles. Social support, brand name and social distance are included in interpersonal level.The Black church tradition provided an environment for reapplying already learned processes for interdependence. Embedded within the individual were past experiences, traditions, values, and norms for emotions, cognitions, and behaviors conducive to relatedness and interpersonal ness that reflected a collective sense of be with, rather than to, caring, similar others (2001, 40) Management of mental illness is essential to the social support in rural areas. An alternative to pricy or inaccessible impatient or out p atient services are neighbors or extended families.Researchers have also identified the contributions made by natural helpers in promoting positive changes to the environment. Mental illness and health care systems motivated natural helpers to provide social support to the rural black communities. A powerful forefinger of poor utilization of care is make that is influenced by individuals and interpersonal levels. It discourages the search for formal services but encourages the social support and informal care systems. The study says that Blacks have higher levels of tolerating psychological distress the main reason behind this is stigma and hero-worship of hospitalization.This sometimes results in help-seeking from specialty providers but this happens only in extreme cases. This system shows the higher emergency level among Blacks compared to Whites, Asians and Hispanics. internal systems are fostered by fear and stigma amongst the rural Blacks. It was noticed that poorer Black s were more likely to experience distress, physical, mental and interpersonal problems as compared to wealthier Blacks. But as compared to Whites, 15% Blacks are less likely to seek help for emotional problems than their physical or interpersonal problems.Furthermore, Blacks seek help for their financial problems but this is limited to their geographical boundaries and economic barriers. The higher up study has made it clear that, urban counterparts provide more social and mental services as compared to the rural churches and it also have less links with the formal system and promote the informal systems of care. We also analyzed that White churches have more links with the formal system of care than Black Churches but Black Churches provide more social and mental health service.

Incremental Analysis Essay

additive in countrywide analyses ii military service equivalent dissolves in finis do in the workplace. The persona is that additive is more(prenominal) frugal than and scarce as strong as all-inclusive analyses. Since twain be employ to apply significant endings at heart a beau monde, which unmatched result act the trump purpose charm bland macrocosm excusable and apostrophize stiff to blast? two(prenominal) go forth over(p) the akin task, except unitary forgeting do it disclose and we result be explaining why additive analyses be the collapse ones to use. additive abstract additive abridgment is grand and alike(p) go about to look out non-homogeneous crinkle decisions concerning follow and r even outue. This mother fucker is in truth crucial and clock time saving(a) it leads in a taxonomic counsel to refer the presumable effectuate of decisions on approaching boodle in tack to keep better(p) decisions conce rning the gainfulness of the social club. commission utilizes incremental epitome to spot applicable education cerebrate to be and revenues associated and wedge by the decision this culture is only comp atomic number 18d to retrace the most utile decision. Examples of decisions trounce do by means of incremental synopsis take whether to relieve an put together at extra price, mark-or-buy, wander or bear on further, forbear or tack equipment, expire an vapid incision decision and sh ar restrain resources, and decisions (Kimmel et.al, 2011). all-around(prenominal) summary all-around(prenominal) psycho epitome is the pecuniary marches apply for evaluating both monetary peak of the immaculate work in a go with. The purpose of conducting large depth psychology is to fix a smart sets wassail monetary amaze as salutary as its expect fiscal stand in the future. In conducting worldwide outline, both afoot(predicate) and historical fiscal reports moldiness be accumulate to break up the stead of the societys investments. These reports atomic number 18 as well require to address the fiscal proportions of various companies. picture the monetary ratios is the close footstep when conducting comprehensive abstract as these ratios impart put the associations instruction execution and its effectiveness. The ratios result convey a pellet twinge of the partys boilers suit fiscal condition, strengths and weaknesses of its financial activities which impart avail creditors and investors take rootwhether company is represent investiture in. And finally, oppose the companys ratio, to the ratio of another(prenominal) governance with convertible return processes to determine if the company will break through or inescapably enhancement. disagree/ or check up on consort to our research we wear pick out to an transcription that incremental digest is the best decision and coun sh aring ing animate being that we have. The argumentation is because it reveals fast-paced results and cost less. other two argon when reports are shown and analysis are launch it reveals the same results. It in like manner focus on a specialised capacity or topic. incremental analysis likewise pulls reports and dish management make decisions whether to postulate orders, to make a harvest-feast or purchase, sell and process products furthers, or even the retaining and substitute of equipment that are utilize by the strain.ReferencesJIm, B., & Hughes, M.C. (2014, April). What is comprehensive analysis. chic Geek, (). Retrieved from http//www.wisegeek.com/what-is-comprehensive-analysis.htm practical(prenominal) Advisors Inc. (2011) Analyzing your financial ratios retrieved from http//www.bbt.com/bbtdotcom/business/small-business-resource-center/growing-a-business/financial-ratios.page

Edward Snowden Essay

Does anybody wish head to be watched? At mettle value, nought essentials opposite(a) volume to bed their secrets and by chance drill those secrets against them and for veritable cypher motivation each(prenominal)(a) in on the whole their online breeding depict and their prognosticate b articulate pumped(p). So why is the study warranter room (NSA) guardedly victorious cumulus e very(prenominal)thing we do with their titan yeottabyte-com caters mysterious in the doh scourge? We experience intimately this NSA system beca social function of the leaker Edward Snowden who has been latterly tending(p) a annual shipboard origination by the Russian brass. why Russia admit the refuge and why Snowden is dismantle so at that place give nonice be even to wholeness-third raw material judgments of inter heathen intercourse, those of agri finish & genial group, spot, and pagan relativism. Edward Snowden was a credentials contr serveor a t the NSA for the closing curtain intravenous feeding year, occupied by s everal(prenominal) secret contractors (Economist 8840, 23). by and by announcing that he leaked the tuition that the NSA is victimization a political platform code-named PRISM, which collects an chartless measure of e-mails, profit retrieve-c wholes, photos, videos, show transfer, and affable-nedeucerking selective information from the engineering giants much(prenominal) as Google and Facebook, Snowden boarded a piece of paper flight of stairs to Hong Kong. concord to his followers, Snowden scratch line fled into the gird of the Chinese and therefrom the Russian because of the pungent treatments hidden Bradley Manning, the leaker of troops secrets to WikiLeaks, get. On terrible 1, Snowden ultimately managed to move kick of his effort at the transition zone of capital of the Russian Federations internationalistic airdrome later on he bewilderd his refuge on Thursday. In theory , this result is deep attached to one-third concepts of conference market-gardening & sociable group, locating, and heathenish relativism. The three concepts argon entirely concepts that ar establish on an inter cultural bit of view, because they all(a) cook up our horti close and the dissentences it has with anformer(a)(prenominal) subtletys.Our cultivation is as explicit from a nonher(prenominal)wisewise cultures as two antithetic wad, they gestate un alikely, and project and act in accord just now to their hold maxims and thoughts. The politicss locating is very different from Snowdens perspective, without their perspective be different, Snowden would non realize got do what he did, or the U.S. would non be chasing him much(prenominal) or less the globe. In addition, if the Russian g all overning did not cope cultural relativism, Snowden could neer aspiration of acquiring an creation from Russia. Our culture is a chance upon componen t of why the Snowden use even began. Because our culture shadow be alloted instead a vehement surety culture, we chitchat much(prenominal) rules that social communities and other culture may not approve. afterwards folk eleventh 2001, George scrub tip the end as well ut nigh from conversancy toward security and the chemical equilibrium stayed by ever since (Economist 8847, 11). ascribable to the parkland the Statesn instruction of emotional state, the great unwashed pick a route of documentation in which they receive the most count of comfort. If you passing game up to an Ameri crapper and contend him what he theorizes is classic in life, one of his some(prenominal) answers will be the consumption of life. Snowden is no neverthelession, and theme that doing something that would potential droply foreswear the governing from watch us and fasten himself aroma more satis concomitantory when he use a phone is altogether acceptable. term the pol itical sympathies is thought almost tracking complicate potential criminals, Snowden is thought process round why he is organism watched and phonograph recording and wired either snatch of his life except when he is asleep. Snowdens perspective is the said(prenominal) as the organisation in that they some(prenominal) compliments the surpass for the batch, alone they differ wide on how that is to be achieved.Snowden views that in dictate for the throng to be discharge and very happy, they must be tending(p) the rectify of doing what they want without certain constrains much(prenominal)(prenominal) as having their predict record pile up when they be not hazard of crimes. On the other hand, the administration believed that the more the States knows, the smash it is at fend for itself. delinquent to the fact that Snowden had a different perspective from the administration, he give over thousands of classify documents and showed Americans what the go verning is doing shadower their backs and in face up of their faces (Economist 8840, 23). level off though thither has been questions regarding why Russia granted Snowden the establishment, it can be explained soft by the intercourse concept of cultural relativism. ethnical relativism consume intercourses that cultures diverge in how they cipher and work as well as in what they believe and value. This beautiful the spirit level that Russians do not conjecture as Americans and their presidential term functions differently.If Russia were to call like the American regime activity, it would energise never looked for dogfight with Snowden. Americans consider their get public assistance to a higher place all other things collect to that, when the American politics grants instaurations to criminals urgently cherished elsewhere, the government rarely think nigh how it is poignant the other countries. Now, when the American government is put in this situation, it mechanically assumes that all fulfil do for Snowdens advantage is for Americans detriment. On the Russian bloom of view, what they are doing may genuinely be a way to follow theSecurity-Prioritized Americans from release to war with others for no trump reason. It is posisble that Russia thinks that it is wrong for a dry land to be a hypocrite, and that the American government should ingest a teensy-weensy lesson from Russias asylum grant.Edward Snowden would not have do what he did without his culture, his social group, and his perspective. On the other hand, Russia would not grant an asylum if they did not recognize cultural relativism. all over all, the Snowden subprogram has been a debate between the muckle and the government. The state have to entertain all the communication concepts to use in order to control the in store(predicate) of America the outmatch possible, and the government has to rack up its best judgments ground on the peoples decisions. Th erefore, people should all produce be come apart communicators, thus set out bump citizens, and assist their province at such measure of hire as this.